molecules to cell practical exam

what happens when a strong acid is dissolved in water

dissociates completely into ions

is hydrochloric acid a weak or strong acid and what does this mean when it is dissolved in water

strong acid dissociates completely into ions

what form are protons in when in a solution

hydrated form→H3O+

pH formula

-log[H+]

how to determine H+ to find pH when strong acid HCL is dissolved if 0.1M is what is dissolved

all of the HCL dissoicates into ions so it is .1 H+ ions times -log = pH

how are weak acids different to strong acids

they do not dissoicate completely in water

what is meant by acid strength

tendency to lose proton and form conjugate base

what defines acid strength

Ka→dissoication constant→larger value means stronger acid

what is pKa

-logkA→strong acid is a lower pKa

what is the buffer region in titrations

resistance to pH changes

describe the acetate buffer system

at a low pH CH3COOH is undissociated in protonated form

at a high pH it is deprotonated

at pKa=pH there is a 50/50 mix of protonated and deprotonated forms

adding OH- causes the CH3COOH to deprotonate consuming the OH- and maintaining the pH and adding H+ causes it to protonate thus maintaining the pH

what makes up a buffer solution

weak acid and conjugate base or weak base and conjugte acid

what does it mean for the asparate group since its pH is 3.7 if it was in a pH higher than that and lower than that

anything higher would cause complete deprotonation therefore giving a negative charge and anything below means positive charge

what happens when pH=pKa

half the acid is dissoicated

what is one mole of a substance

molecular mass in grams so it is made by adding up the relative atomic masses of each atom in a molecule

what is a molar solution

1 mole dissolved to final volume of 1 liter

how to find concentration

moles/liters

does a more concentrated sample lead to less or more light absorption

more

what is meant by a five percent solution

5 grams in 100 ml

how to find molarity

solution concentration/molar mass

is acetic acid a strong or weak acid

weak because ka is low

what happens to frequency as wavelengths increase

decrease

do longer wavelengths have more or less energy

less

what is a characteristic of colored compounds

conjugated double bonds

what is NAD+ reduced too

NADH

how does gel filtration chromotography seperate

based on size with the stationary phase having molecular sized holes

are large or small molecules excluded in gel filtration chromotography

large are excluded

whats a stationary phase in gel filtration chromotogrphay

sephadex→used to remove salt from protein

what happens at one pH unit above and below the pKa

above is deprotonated and below is protonated

what is the point where a moleucle has no net charge

the isoelectric point

how to elude a bound protein

lower pH to neutralize negative charges on protein molecules or raise anion concentration in mobile phase to compete for bounding

what is the first step in alchohol metabolism

ADH catalyzes oxidation of ehtanol to acetylaldehyde with reduction of NAD+ to NADH which is what we measure

what happens when the enzyme is double

so is the rate

in thin layer chromatography what happens to a less polar molecule

moves farther up the plate because it is not binding with the stationary phase

what is the intial rate of reaction proportional to

substarte concentration which is also first order

what is kM

substrate concentration resulting in ½ vMax

what is meant by a high versus low kM

high kM means low substrate so needs more of the substrate and low kM means high affinity for substrate

what does competitive inhibition cause

increase in kM so more substarte is needed to outcompete but vMax is unaffaceted

can uncompetitive inhibiton be overcame by more substrate

no because the enzyme becomes inactive causing a reduction in vMax

what type of inhibition is parallel on graph

uncompetitive

what are the compenent’s of cellular respiration and what does it describe

how we derive energy from glucose and it is composed of glycolsis, pyruvate oxidation, the krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain

what makes up ATP

nitrogenous base Adenine, Ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

what parts of cellular respiration are aerobic versus aneraboic

glycolysis is anaerobic and the krebs cycle and ETC are aerobic

what is the investment verus payoff phase in glycolysis

it takes an investment of two atps put produces a total of 4 ATPs

how does a pyruvate become oxidsized to Acetyl CoA and what B Vitamins are required

one of the carbons from the three-carbon pyruvate binds with oxygen and is released as O2→coenzyme A is B5, NAD+ is B3, and CO2 is released through B1

where does glycolsis, the krebs, and the ETC all occur

glycolysis is in the cytosol, the krebs cycle is in the matrix, and the ETC is the inner membrane

what does each pyruvate produce going through one krebs cycle

3 NADHand 1 FADH2