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Pituitary gland
A small pea-sized gland located at the base of the brain, it is often referred to as the "master gland" because it regulates various hormonal functions by controlling other endocrine glands.
Anterior pituitary gland
Growth hormone
ADH
Prolactin
TSH
LH and FSH
Posterior pituitary gland
Antidiuretic Hormone
Oxytocin
Hypopituitarism
Under secretion of hormones from pituitary gland. Caused by tumors, hemorrhage, or trauma.
Dwarfism
Short stature (height) that results from genetic condition. Adult 4’10” or less.
Disproportionate dwarfism
Dwarfism where some parts are shorter and some are normal.
Proportionate dwarfism
Dwarfism where an individual is overall shorter than others.
Hyperpituitarism
Over secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland (usually anterior)
Benign tumors
Most frequent cause of overactive pituitary gland.
Arthritis
Chest: Barrel
Rough facial features
Odd sensations
Muscle weakness & fatigue
Growth of coarse hair
Amenorrhea
Loss of vision
Impotence
Snoring
What is the meaning of A.C.R.O.M.E.G.A.L.Y.?
Acromegaly
A chronic metabolic disorder with too much growth hormone and body tissues are enlarged.
Hyperprolactinemia
Lower GnRH, Dopamine, FSH, LH but higher Prolactin levels during pregnancy and lactation.
Prolactinoma
Pituitary gland tumor
Gigantism
A rare condition that causes excessive growth, especially in height, during childhood.
Diabetes Insipidus
Disorder due to injury to hypothalamus or pituitary gland with deficiency of ADH (vasopressin) that results in excretion of large volumes of dilute urine and extreme thirst.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion (SIADH)
Too much ADH which causes the body to retain too much water.
thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
Thyroid gland produces these three hormones necessary for metabolism.
Thyroxine
Relatively weak hormone, maintains body metabolism in a steady state.
Triiodothyronine
About five times as potent as T4 and has a more rapid metabolic action.
Thyrocalcitonin
Hormone is secreted in response to high plasma levels of calcium.
Hypothyroidism
Thyroid disorder that happens when the body doesn’t have enough thyroid hormone. There is iodine deficiency and certain medications include lithium.
Hashimoto’s disease
An autoimmune disorder that is the most common cause of hypothyroidism. Occurs mostly with women aged 30-50 years. Characterized by inflamed thyroid gland and often progresses to hypothyroidism if untreated.
Levothyroxine
Common medication for thyroid disorders. It is a synthetic T4 hormone that works like a natural hormone.
Myxedema
occurs when the body accumulates too much acid and mucopolysaccharides in the skin, causing it to thicken
Postpartum Thyroiditis
Inflammation of thyroid that occurs one year after birth. It can lead to hyperthyroidism followed by hypothyroidism.
Fatigue and tiredness
Weight gain
Cold intolerance
Constipation
Signs of Hypothyroidism
Anxiety and irritability
Rapid heartbeat and palpitations
Weight loss
Signs of Hyperthyroidism
Blood tests
What do you take to measure levels of TSH, T3, and T4 hormones?
Endocrinologist
Which doctor specializes in treating thyroid disorders?
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone
TSH meaning
Grave’s disease
An autoimmune disorder that leads to overproduction of thyroid hormones where immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland.
Radioactive Iodine Uptake Test
Measures how much iodine the thyroid absorbs
Thyroid storm
Also known as thyrotoxic crisis. A rare life-threatening complication of untreated hyperthyroidism. Characterized by extreme production of hormones, leading to hypermetabolic state that result in severe cardiovascular, neurological, and gastrointestinal symptoms.
Thyroid Tumors
Can be benign or malignant and associated with thyrotoxicosis.
Endemic Goiter
Goiter caused by iodine deficiency
Nodular Goiter
Presence of one or more nodules within the gland. Can be solid or fluid-filled and may lead to hyper of hypothyroidism.
Parathyroid hormone (Parathormone)
The protein hormone produced by the parathyroid glands—regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism.
Hyperparathyroidism
Overproduction of parathyroid hormones characterized by bone decalcification and renal calculi (kidney stones) containing calcium.
Parathyroid scan
Also called a sestamibi scan, providers can use a parathyroid scan to help locate which gland or glands are producing too much PTH.
Hypoparathyroidism
Disease where body secretes abnormally low parathyroid hormone.
Low blood-calcium level
Low parathyroid hormone level
High blood-phosphorus level
Blood tests findings for hypoparathyroidism
Chvostek’s sign
Clinical sign of hypocalcemia which consists of twitching of muscle innervated by facial nerve
Trousseau’s Sign
Clinical sign of hypocalcemia which consists of carpopedal spasm induced by occluding the blood flow of arm for 3 mins
Pheochromocytoma
Type of neuroendocrine tumor that grows from cells called chromaffin cells. These cells produce hormones needed for the body and are found in the adrenal glands.
Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)
Disease results from dysfunction of hypothalamus pituitary gland-adrenal gland feedback loop which ends with insufficient steroids.
Cushing’s Disease
Syndrome that results from excessive adrenocortical activity. High levels of cortisol in their bodies.
Chronic Pancreatitis
Inflammatory disorder of the pancreas
Diabetes Mellitus
Disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) resulting from defects in insulin secretion.
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Secondary Diabetes
Gestational Diabetes
Prediabetes
Common types of Diabetes