Anatomy Final (copy)

Superior/Inferior

above/below

Superficial/Deep

toward and away from the body surface

Medial/Lateral

toward the midline/away from the midline

Anterior/Posterior

toward the front and back of the body

Proximal/Distal

closer to trunk/further from trunk

Ventral/Dorsal

belly side/backside

Intermediate

between two structures

Medial/Sagittal Plane

divides the body into left and right sections

Transverse/Horizontal plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Frontal/Coronal

divides the body into anterior and posterior parts

Homeostasis

process by which organisms maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Circulatory system

Transports nutrients and waste through the body

Respiratory System

Brings oxygen into the body and expels carbon dioxide

Digestive system

Breaks down food & absorbs nutrients

Excretory system

Removes nitrogenous waste products from the body

Nervous System

receives and sends electrochemical signals throughout the body

Muscular system

provides movement

Skeletal System

provides support, protection, and structure

Integumentary system

Protective covering

Tibia

Fibula

Radius

Ulna

Femur

Humerus

Phalanges

Carpals

Metacarpals

Tarsals

Metatarsals

clavicle

Sternum

Scapula

distal epiphysis

end farthest from trunk

proximal epiphysis

end of the bone closest to the body trunk

Diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

yellow marrow

compact bone

Hard, dense bone tissue

spongy bone

Layer of bone tissue having many small spaces and found just inside the layer of compact bone.

long bone

longer than they are wide

Short bone

cube-shaped bone that is approximately equal in length, width, and thickness

irregular bones

vertebrae

flat bones

These bones are thin, flat, and curved. They form the ribs, breastbone, and skull.

Hyaline cartilage

Most common type of cartilage; it is found on the ends of long bones, ribs, and nose

Elastic cartilage

cartilage with abundant elastic fibers; more flexible than hyaline cartilage. Found in ear, nose, epiglottis.

Fibrocartilage

cartilage that contains fibrous bundles of collagen, such as that of the intervertebral disks in the spinal cord.

dense fibrous connective tissue

makes up tendons and ligaments

synovial joints

General category of joint, freely movable joints

cartilaginous joints

General category of joint, allow only slight movement

fibrous joints

General category of joint, immovable

Hinge joint

elbow and knee

ball and socket joint

shoulder and hip

plane joint

joint between tarsals and carpals

pivot joint

ulna and radius

extensor carpi ulnaris (Dorsal Side)

Extends carpals

extensor digitorum (dorsal side)

Extends digits

extensor carpi radialis

Extends carpals

Biceps Brachii

Flexes elbow

Clavotrapezius

Pulls Scapula Cranially

Pectoantebrachialis

adducts humerus

Supraspinatus

abducts humerus

Digastric

Depresses Mandible (open mouth)

Internal Oblique

Flexes Vertebral Column

Tensor Fascia Latae

extends knee

Gluteus Maximus

abducts femur

Adductor Longus

adducts femur

Rectus Femoris

extends knee

Latissimus Dorsi

adducts arm

Multifidus spinae

extends vertebral column

Gastrocnemius

extends ankle

sclera

protective outer white of the eye

choroid

middle, vascular layer of the eye

retina

Light sensitive layer of the eye; contains rods and cones

vitreous humor

jellylike substance found behind the lens in the posterior cavity of the eye that maintains its shape

aqueous humor

fluid in the eye, found between the cornea and the lens

pupil

opening in the center of the iris

cornea

the transparent layer forming the front of the eye.

lens

Focuses light onto retina

iris

a ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening

optic nerve

tissue that transmits visual information to the brain

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve and retina meet, no receptor cells are located there

occipital lobe

visual processing lobe

temporal lobe

lobe that processes hearing and sound

frontal lobe

lobe that controlling judgement, short-term memory, and social behavior

parietal lobe

lobe that coordinates sensory information

thalamus

relay station for most sensory paths

hypothalamus

regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, and sleep

pons

consciousness, sleep, posture and movement

medulla oblongata

controls heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

cerebellum

Balance and coordination

corpus callosum

band of tissue connecting brain hemispheres.

pituitary gland

secretes hormones tat affect other glands in the body

midbrain

auditory and visual porcessing

neurons (nerve cells)

responsible for sending electrochemical signal

glial cells

support cells found in the nervous system

resting membrane potential

K+ channels open - K+ moves in and out (electrical & diffusion forces)Na+ channels closed - Na+ not movingExterior positive

depolarizaition

K+ channels closed - K+ is "not" movingNa+ channels open - Na+ moves inInterior becomes positive

repolarization

K+ channels open - K+ moves outNa+ channels closed - Na+ is "not" movingExterior becomes positive

Hyperpolarization

K+ & Na+ channels closedK+/Na+ pump on and working hard - 2K+ in, 3 Na+ outExterior remains positive

synaptic cleft

gap between adjacent neurons where chemical signaling takes place