bio 191 lab midterm

labs 1-5 (taxonomy to invertebrates II) - definitions

binomial nomenclature

naming organisms using two names

specific epithet

second part of a specimen’s name

dichotomous key

tool used by biologists to help them identify all kinds of organisms

morphological characteristics

physical appearance/traits

systematics

identifying and differentiating between species

phylogeny

evolutionary history of diversity on earth

parts of a phylogenetic tree

root, branch, node, tip

cladogram

depicts relationships between taxa

phylogram

depicts both the relationship between taxa scaled to represent the amount of evolutionary change along a branch

chronogram

branch lengths scaled to actual time

pleisomorphic

characters shared between taxa because the common ancestor of all of those taxa had that character

synapomorphic

shared derived characters

apomorphic

derived characters (with respect to ancestral condition)

monophyletic

group includes ancestor and all of its descendants

paraphyletic

consists of an ancestor and some, but not all descendants

polyphyletic

group of organisms that does not include a common ancestor

saprotrophic

send out digestive enzymes into the environment and pick up resulting nutrients

cellular slime mold

individual amoebas retain their cell membranes, creating a community of slime molds

acellular slime mold

individual cell membranes break down, creating the entire plasmodium one large, multinucleated cell

gram positive

purple stain, high peptidoglycan, penicillin effective

gram negative

pink stain, low peptidoglycan, penicillin ineffective

algae, slime molds, protozoa

3 broad groups of protozoa

unicellular, colonial, filamentous

3 structural arrangements of protists

Bacteria, Bacillus megaterium, rod shape, gram positive/purple

Domain, Genus + Species, shape, gram stain of this image

Bacteria, Rhodospirillum rubrum, spirilla/spirillum, gram negative/pink

Domain, Genus + Species, shape, gram stain of this image

Bacteria, Micrococcus luteus, coccus, gram positive/purple

Domain, Genus + Species, shape, gram stain of this image

Eukarya, Protista, Physarum, cytoplasmic steaming, slime mold

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

Eukarya, Protista, Amoeba, pseudopodia, protozoa

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

Eukarya, Protista, Paramecium, (alveoli, pellicle, trichocysts, 2 nuclei (micro/macro nuclei)), protozoa

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

Eukarya, Protista, Euglena, (mixotrophic, eyespot, pellicle, flagella), protozoa

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

isogamy, heterogamy, oogamy

3 sexual reproductive strategies in algae

isogamy

motile male & female gametes look exactly alike

heterogamy

motile male and female gametes that look alike except egg is larger

oogamy

male gamete is small and motile, female gamete is large and non-motile

Eukarya, Protista, Volvox, (oogamous, daughter colony retained until broken down), algae

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

Eukarya, Protista, Spirogyra, (spiral chloroplasts, isogamous via conjugation), algae

Domain, Kingdom, Genus, important structure(s), general protist group of this image

septate hyphae

hyphae with cross walls

coenocytic/aseptate

lacking septa (cross walls)

Eukarya, Fungi, Chytridiomycota, Allomyces, chytridiomycosis, Chytrids

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), disease that made 200 amphibians extinct, common name

mating strains

use + or - instead of male or female Plas

Plasmogamy

plasma membranes fuse into one from 2 cells, nuclei still separate

dikaryotic

(n + n)

karyogamy

two nuclei fuse to form single cell (2N)

Eukarya, Fungi, Zygomycota, Rhizopus, (sporangium, sporangiophore, zygosporangium, sporangia, zygospore), Bread mold

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), common name

conidia

asexual spores of Phylum Ascomycota

ascospores

sexual spores from Phylum Ascomycota

Eukarya, Fungi, Ascomycota, Aspergillus, sac-like ascus, Black mold

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), common name

Eukarya, Fungi, Ascomycota, Peziza, sac-like ascus, Cup fungus

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), common name

Eukarya, Fungi, Ascomycota, Penicillium, sac-like ascus, Blue/green mold

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), common name

Eukarya, Fungi, Ascomycota, Saccharomyces, (asexually reproduce by budding, single non-motile cells, sac-like), Yeast

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, important structure(s), common name

basidiocarp

fruiting body of Phylum Basidiomycota

basidiospore

sexual spores for Basidiomycota

cap

umbrella shaped top (#1 on the picture)

gills

strips of tissue that radiate outwards on the underside of the cap (#3 on the picture)

basidia

small club-shaped structures long the surface of each gill to make basidiospores

stalk (stipe)

upright portion of basidiocarp that supports the cap; formed by intertwining hyphae (#7 on picture)

annulus

membrane around stalk where the cap was attached to the stalk before it opened up (#4 on picture)

Eukarya, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Agaricus, white mushroom

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, common name

Eukarya, Fungi, Basidiomycota, Coprinus, Common grey mushroom

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Genus, common name

fruticose, crustose, foliose,

3 forms of lichen

soredia

asexual reproduction of lichen by fragmentation using lichen and algae

crustose

name the form of lichen from the image

foliose

name the form of lichen from the image

fruticose

name the form of lichen from the image

Mycorrhizae

symbiotic relationship of fungi and plant root

ectomycorrhizal

fungi grows between plant cells en

endomycorrhizal

grow and penetrate into plant cells

choanocytes

specialized cells used to create water flow in sponges

spicules

tiny rod-like elements that can be tough and fibrous or sharp and skeletal

Eukarya, Animalia, Porifera, (choanocytes, amoebocytes, asexual reprod via budding/fragmentation, spicules), sponge

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, important structures, common name

spicules

name this structure

tentacles

Cnidarians use this to capture food and prey

nematocysts

specialized cells within tentacles that discharge encapsulated stinging organelles

Eukarya, Animalia, Cnidaria, Hydrozoa, Hydra, radial, dipoblastic, protostome

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Cnidaria, Scyphozoa, Aurelia, radial, dipoblastic, protostome, moon jellies

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, and common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, Metridium, radial, dipoblastic, protostome, sea anemone

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Cnidaria, Anthozoa, radial, dipoblastic, protostome, coral

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development of this organism

eyespots

on the heads of Phylum Platyhelminthes that detect like, but cannot see images

Auricles

on the side of the head of Phylum Platyhelminthes, with tactile and chemical sensory cells

gastrovascular cavity

sac, mouth only, no anus

Eukarya, Animalia, Platyhelminthes, Dugesia, bilateral, trpoblastic, acoelomates, protostome, flatworm/planarian

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Platyhelminthes, Cestoda, Dipylidium, bilateral, tripoblastic, acoelomate, tapeworm

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Nematoda, Ascaris, bilateral, tripoblastic, pseudocoelomate, Small intestinal roundworm

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Nematoda, Trichinella, bilateral, tripoblastic, pseudocoelomate, Human round worm

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, common name of this organism

Trichinella (encysted larvae)

What form of Trichinella is this?

Trichinella (male/female)

What form of Trichinella is this?

visceral mass, muscular foot, mantle

common morphological traits of Phylum Mollusca

Eukarya, Animalia, Mollusca, Gastropoda, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelomate, protostomes, snails/slugs

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Mollusca, Bivalvia, tripoblastic, coelomate, protostomes, (oysters/clams/scallops/mussels)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Mollusca, Cephalopoda, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelomates, protostomes, (octopus/squid/nautilus)

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Annelida, Oligochaeta, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelomate, protostome, Earthworm

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Chelicerata, Merostomata, Limulus, Horseshoe Crab, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelomate, protostome

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, Genus, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Chelicerata, Arachnida, (pedipalps, four pairs of walking legs, chelicerae), spiders/ticks/scorpions

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, characteristics, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Crustacea, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelomate, protostome, Crayfish

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Myriapoda, Chilopoda, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelom, protostome, centipede

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Arthropoda, Myriapoda, Diplopoda, bilateral, tripoblastic, coelom, protostome, millipede

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Subphylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, embryonic development, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea, Brittle Stars

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Echinodermata, Crinoidea, Sea Lilies/Feather Stars

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Echinodermata, Holothuroidea, Sea Cucumbers

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, common name of this organism

Eukarya, Animalia, Echinodermata, Asteroidea, radial (adult), bilateral (larvae), tripoblastic, coelomate, deuterstomes, Sea Stars

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, symmetry, tissue organization, body cavity, embryonic development, common name of this organism