US History Civil Rights Movements

NAACP

National Accociation for the advancement of colored people

Used court room systems → challanged laws that targeted civil rights by using lawsuits

they worked with brown v board+ loving v virgina

14th amendment was main focus (equal rights equal protection)

social inclusion, political rights and equality

made sure the constitution was upheld

supported by third good marshall

Founded in 1909

SCLA

Southern Christian leadership confrence

non violent practices→ montgomery bus boycott+ march on washington

community campaning

pushed for greater equality

civil disobediance

supported by MLK JR

SNCC

Student nonviolent coordinating committee

Nonviolent→ self defense

Group of high schoolers- college students

Sit ins- could not fight back, if they did, they were the problem.

Voting registrations

Stokely Carmichael pushed for self dense cuz of the slow change

CORE

congress of racial equality

Voter regristration + equal protection + race relation

Freedom summer

used to be pacifist but then moved to self defience

Extending democracy to all americans

challanged segragation

Nation of Islam

religious movement

supported by malcom X

empthasised the teachings of islam

beilved education, law, and political systems targerted black americans

extremist

seperationalism

Black Panthers

equal housing, voting and hiring laws

had daycares, helped neighboorhoods

however these were not remembered because they prioritzed self defence

programs lead by women helped children, schools, health practices, etc

10 pt program

Plessy v Fergurson

stated :In short, segregation did not in itself constitute unlawful discrimination.

legallized segragation

“seperate but equal”

Executive order 9981

1948

first civil rights law

prohibited the discrimination of armed forces based on race, religion, gender, etc

no segragration in troops

Brown V Board 1954

was multiple cases in which black students were denied attendence in white only public schools

argued that it violated the 14th amendment

denied relief based on plessy vs Ferguson

Montgomery Bus Boycott

1955

381 days

left busess empty→ loss of city income

in response to rosa parks being arrested

a massive coordinated effort to pressure a municipal government to integrate public transportation.

Emmett Till

1955

Till was visiting cousins and was accused of flirting with a white girl

he was then lynched (beat up brutally and was thrown in a river)

he was mutilated

however the people responsible of this attack were not found guilty.

Civil Rights act (1957)

1957

first act after ww2 on civil rights

ground work for federal oversight into civil rights being violated

1. established civil rights district into the federal government

2. prohibited discriminatory laws

3. civil rights commission

Freedom Rides

1960

used civil disobedience to test the law

forced state governments to comply with intergration laws pushed by the national government

riding buses interstate

basically not all states agree with eachother and the gov needs to enforce these laws

met with violence

Sit Ins

1960

highschool and college students

used to pressure intergration

would sit in white only spaces until served

used as a form of civil disobedience

led by high school and college aged students to force restaurants to integrate their business practices.

Boynton V Virgina

1960

Boynton bought a ticket for a bus and sat in an all white section of the restaurant

after refusing to leave he was arrested

trialed for going against interstatr commerance act( prohibits racial descrimination during travel)

March on Washington

1963

run by MLK JR

gave speeches at lincoln memorial

urged for a national civil rights bill to be passed

civil rights act was passed aftert

Birmington

1963

Most segragated in american was birmington alabama

this was maintained by bull conor

civil rights groups created multiple intergration deminstrations that were met with violence (dogs attacking them + using fire hoses)

CHildren march for parks and public spaces

MLK was arrested here

this brought mass media attention (people finally saw the mass hate)

Civil Rights Act (1964)

1964

Outlawed discrimination based on race, gender, religion. etc

makes segregation in public spaces illegal

also includes education and employment

De jure segragation

Heart of Atlanta V United States

1964

Hotel refused to serve black amrricans

the court rulled that the refusal to serve anyone based on race was unconsititutional (even private buisnesses)

based on civil rights act of 1964

Freedom SUmmer

1964

state laws made it hard for many black americans to vote even though it was stated in the constitution

they organized a group of students to go into the rural south inorder to push for change in these laws.

went to missisipi , the largest group of black americans who had the lowest amount of regristered voters,

used to highlight the issue of voting

Voting rights act

1965

founded in the university of chicago

nonviolent change in voting laws + discrimitory practices

this eliminated literacy tests and other barriers used to restrict minorities from accessing their right to vote.

Selma

1965

Huge protest spanning from selma to montgomry

used to enforce black americans rights to vote

Loving V Virgina

1967

Anti miscegenation- mixed race

interracial marriage + children

Mildred jester + richard Loving

Civil rights act 1968

outlaws discriminatory practices in housing - sale rental or financing

strengthend anti lynching law enforcement

defacto segragation

Emmitt Till Antilynching Bill

passed in 2022

finally recognized lynching as a hate crime

CLaudette Colvin

first black women to not give up her seat

16 and pregnate + unmarried

De Jure segragation

segragation that in written in Law

De facto Segragation

segragation that is enforced by social norms