Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems Flashcards

Flashcards about the Cardiovascular, Respiratory, and Immune Systems

Where does deoxygenated blood enter the heart?

Deoxygenated blood enters through the superior and inferior vena cava.

What valve does blood pass through to go from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

Tricuspid valve.

Through what valve and artery does deoxygenated blood leave the heart?

Pulmonary valve through the left and right pulmonary artery.

Where does oxygenated blood return to the heart from and through what?

From the lungs through the left and right pulmonary veins.

What valve does blood pass through to go from the left atrium to the left ventricle?

Mitral Valve.

What valve does blood pass through to enter the aorta from the left ventricle?

Aortic Valve.

What is the function of arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart; Veins carry blood to the heart; Capillaries connect arteries and veins.

List the arteries in order.

Carotid, Subclavian, Brachial, Radial/Ulnar, Digital, Descending Aorta, Iliac, Femoral, Popliteal, Posterior Tibial

List the veins in order

Internal Jugular, Subclavian, Cephalic, Basilic, Dorsal Venous Network, Medial Cubital, Superior Vena Cava, Inferior Vena Cava, Common Iliac Vein, Femoral Vein / Posterior Tibial Vein

What is PAD?

Peripheral Artery Disease: Narrowed arteries reduce blood flow to the arms or legs.

What does Systolic Blood Pressure refer to?

Pressure exerted on arteries when beating.

What does Diastolic Blood Pressure refer to?

Pressure exerted on arteries between beats.

What is Cardiac Output?

Amount of blood pumped in 1 minute (Heart Rate x Stroke Volume).

What is a Sphygmomanometer?

Instrument for measuring blood pressure.

What is the function of the SA Node?

Generates electrical signal that causes the upper heart chambers (atrium) to contract.

What is the function of the AV Node?

Passes signal to lower heart chambers (ventricles), delaying until atrium is empty.

What is the Bundle of His?

Bundle of fibers extending from the AV node.

What are Purkinje Fibers?

Fibers connected to ventricles, causing contraction and delivering blood out of the body.

What are the symptoms of Bradyarrhythmias?

Fatigue, Dizziness, Shortness of Breath.

What is another name for the voicebox?

Larynx.

What are pacemakers?

A permanent solution to maintain normal heart rhythm.

What does the Trachea do?

Connects the voice box (Larynx) with Bronchi and carries air to lungs

What is the function of the lungs?

Organ that brings in air and brings out carbon dioxide

What is the Pharynx?

Muscular Tube that is a passageway for air and food

What are the Bronchi's Function?

Air passages from trachea to bronchioles

What is the function of Bronchioles?

Carries air to small sacs called alveoli

What is the function of Cartilaginous Rings?

C-shaped rings that support the trachea and allows it to move and flex

What is the function of the Epiglottis?

Flap that separates air from food

What is the function of the Diaphragm?

Sheet of muscle that contracts to let us breathe (relaxes to exhale)

What is the function of the the Alveoli?

Site for gas exchange (Co2 and O2)

What does the Respiratory Zone do?

Oxygen diffuses from alveoli into capillaries and binds to red blood cells (Takes in CO2)

What does the Conducting Zone do?

Airways that transport gases in/out

The right lung splits into what?

Superior, Middle, Inferior Lobes

The left lung splits into what?

Superior/Inferior lobes

What is Tidal Volume?

Volume of air breathed in without conscious effort.

What is Expiratory Reserve Volume?

Additional volume of air forcibly exhaled.

What is Inspiratory Reserve?

Additional Volume of air forcibly Inhaled.

What is Vital Capacity?

Total volume of air exhaled after max Inhale. VC = TV + IRV + ERV

What is Residual Volume?

Volume of air remaining in the lungs after max Exhalation

What is Total Lung Capacity?

Total volume of lungs. TLC = VC + RV

What is Asthma?

Condition that causes inflammation/narrowing of the airways in the lungs

What does Albuterol do?

Relaxes airway muscles, opening them

What does Fluticasone do?

Decrease mucus production/inflammation

What are Prions?

Type of protein that causes other proteins in the brain to clump (fold abnormally)

What are Bacteria?

One-celled organisms that cause tissue damage by invading cells and producing toxins

What are Helminths?

Parasitic Worms that take away a person’s essential nutrients

What are Viruses?

Small germs that take over cells and their protein synthesis process to duplicate

What are Protists?

Unicellular organism that causes numerous diseases that can affect organ health

What are Fungi?

Can cause organ/tissue infections

What is the Epidermis?

Top layer of the skin (nonsensitive)

What is Keratin?

Keratin: Main component of hair (Helps form epidermis)

What is the Dermis?

Very sensitive layer of skin

What are Collagen and Elastin?

Proteins found in Dermis that makes skin Smooth/Young

What is the Hypodermis?

Contains fat tissue, blood vessels, connective tissue

What are Sebaceous Glands

Secretion of oily/waxy material(SEBUM) to lubricate and waterproof skin and hair

What does the Arrector pili muscle do?

Controls (Flexes / Relaxes) Hair Movement

What does a 1st Degree Burn Affect?

Only affects the epidermis

What does a 2nd Degree Burn Affect?

Affects Epidermis and Dermis

What does a 3rd Degree Burn Affect?

Affects Epidermis, Dermis, and Hypodermis

What is Sepsis?

When the body has an extreme immune system response to a pathogen, leading to inflammation and, if untreated, tissue damage

What happens during Sepsis?

Immune system overreacts to a pathogen, causing inflammation

What happens during Severe Sepsis?

Continued Inflammations, organs stop working properly, causing low blood pressure

What happens during Septic Shock?

When the blood pressure drops to extreme levels and doesnt respond to IV fluids

What are the symptoms of Sepsis?

Higher/Lower Temperature, Infection, Mental Decline, Extremely ill

What is the function of the Lymphatic System?

Absorbs fat from the digestive tract, Protects from pathogens, transports/removes waste from lymph.

What is Innate immunity?

Non-specific immune defense mechanisms that people are born with

What is Acquired immunity?

Specific immune defense mechanisms. This type of immunity is acquired over a lifetime.

What is Active immunity?

Acquired after infection and recovery, or from a vaccine

What is Passive immunity?

Acquired by a child from its mother through the placenta or through breast feeding

What is the Retina?

Layer of light-sensitive cells that Detects images focused by cornea/lens

What is the Blind Spot?

Part of retina with no light-sensitive cells

What is the Optic Nerve?

Bundle of nerve fibers that carry information from retina to brain

What is the Tapetum?

Shiny blue-green founded in animals with good night vision

What is the Sclera?

Maintains the eyeshape/protects it from injuries

What is the Vitreous Humor?

Thick/Clear Jelly that helps maintain eye shape

What is the Lens?

Flexible structure that forms images on retina

What is the Aqueous Humor?

Clear liquid that keeps cornea round

What is the Pupil?

Hole that lets light into inner eye

What is the Cornea?

Covering that protects the eye (Bends light to make an image)

What is the Iris?

Muscle that controls how much light enters the eye

What is the pathway of light through the eye?

Cornea -> aqueous humor -> pupil -> lens -> vitreous humor -> retina -> optic nerve -> occipital lobe

What is Conjunctivitis?

Inflammation of the conjunctiva in the eye

What is Loiasis?

African Eye Worm

What is Onchocerciasis?

River blindness

What is Trachoma?

Eye illness caused by bacteria

What is Traumatic Iridodialysis?

Iris separates from ciliary body of your eye