Unit 6 Psychology

learning

a relatively permanent change in your behavior due to experience

False

True or False: every human learns the same way

thoughts, language, motivation, emotions, personalities, attitudes, etc.

Learning can shape....

Behavorial

Learning is fundamental to ____________ perspective

behavorial perspective

study of associations between two things (stimulus and response)

Initial phase of learning

when the stimulus comes to the point where it becomes the conditioned response

habitual behaviors

We learn by making associations that feed our _________ _________

66

Behavior become habitual after approximately ____ days

associative learning

learning that certain events come together. "if I do this, I get this"

conditioning

process of learning associations

involuntary

classical conditioning is....

blinking, salivating, ducking, etc.

examples of classical conditioning

voluntary

operant conditioning is....

chores

examples of operant conditioning

classical conditioning

learning that involves reflex responses

Ivan Pavlov

discovered classical conditioning; trained dogs to salivate at the ringing of a bell

unconditioned stimulus

a stimulus that unconditionally—naturally and automatically—triggers a response. (food)

unconditioned response

a naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (salvation)

neutral stimulus

a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning (bell)

unconditoned stimulus

neutral stimulus combines with

conditioned stimulus

neutral stimulus becomes

Conditoned Stimulus

an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus, comes to trigger a conditioned response (bell)

conditioned response

the learned response to a previously neutral (salvation)

acquistion

initial stage of learning. first time neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are paired

Generalization

tendency to produce a conditioned response to both the original conditioned stimulus and to stimuli which are similar to it

fear of anyone in a white coat

example of generalization

discrimination

ability to distinguish

extinction

used to know how to do something (response goes away)

dogs stop salivating when they realize there will not really be food

examples of extinction

spontaneous recovery

recovery of a response after it was gone for a while

J.B. Watson

Founder of Behaviorism, little albert experiment, said he could shape infant to anything he wanted

Edwin Thorndike

conducted some of the first experiments on animal learning. Law of effect

law of effect

behaviors that are followed by a pleasant consequence is more likely to be repeated in the future

educational psychology, methods devised to test and measure children's intelligence and their ability to learn

Thorndike major contributions

operant conditioning

learning in which behavior is strengthened or lessened if followed by a punishment (learning based on consequences)

continue

reinforce behavior you want to ________

stop

punish behavior you want to _______

B.F. Skinner

operant conditioning, skinner box

skinner box

box with a bar that an animal presses to release an award

shaping

reinforcing a series of behaviors until the desired goal is reached. gradually.

complex behavior

By making the rewards contingent on desired behaviors, researchers can gradually shape _________ ___________

celebrating weeks sober in rehad

examples of shaping

discrimination stimuli

when behavior is adjusted knowing that punishment or reinforcement varies with environment

kids at home vs at school, ways you act in different classrooms

examples of discrimination stimuli

behavior modification

how can we condition and change human behavior

positive reinforcement

strengthens a behavior by adding a pleasure stimulus after it

pet a dog that comes to you when you call it

examples of positive reinforcement

negative reinforcement

strengthening a behavior by taking away something unpleasant

taking tylenol to help a headache (taking away something bad so you keep taking it)

examples of negative reinforcement

continuous reinforcement

reinforce behavior every time it happens, best to master behavior fast but does not always last

partial reinforcement

reinforce some of the time, slower for acquisition but less likely to see extinction

fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

examples of partial reinforcement

fixed ratio

set number of times

every 5th time you buy coffee, you get a free one

example of fixed ratio

variable ratio

unknown number of times

slot machine, fishing

example of variable ratio

variable ratio -- makes you want to keep doing it because you do not know when they reinforcement will come

which partial reinforcement is the best long term

fixed interval

set time period

medications every 4 hours

examples of fixed interval

variable interval

unknown time period

rainy days

example of variable interval

ratios

are ratios or intervals more effective for continuing behavior

variable

are fixed or variable ratios/intervals more effective for continuing behavior

Non-Contingent Reinforcement

a ritual in behavior that people develop thinking it brings some kind of reinforcers

superstition (lucky socks)

example of non-contingent reinforcement

punishment

decreases behavior

1) consistent
2) intense enough but not too severe
3) proximity

to be effective, the punishment must be...

proximity

punishment is close in time to bad action

less effective

greater time lapse = ___________

overjustification effect

when an activity you already like gets overrewarded, we do not want to do it anymore

Biofeedback

A system of recording, amplifying, and feeding back information about subtle physiological changes that you are experiencing

mirror a result of peoples actions to teach them to modify their own behavior

what do biofeedback instruments do

taste aversions

John Garcia and Robert Koelling

takes one time (while learning takes 10 to 15 times) because it threatens survival

what is different about taste aversions

cognitive processes

thoughts, perceptions, expectations

learn expectancy

an awareness of how likely the uncontrolled stimulus will occur

people notice/are aware of learned associations they are stronger

conditioned likes and dislikes are even stronger when...

latent learning

learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is incentive to show it

insight

a sudden realization of a problems solution... occurs with no systematic interaction with our environment or conditioning

intrinstic motivation

the desire to perform a behavior for its own sake. doing it for no reward

excessive rewards

what can destroy intrinsic motivation

extrinsic motivation

behaving in a certain way in order to gain rewards or avoid punishments

uncontrollable threats

what causes stress responses?

learned helplessness

when you learn you cannot avoid repeated aversive events

dying sooner in nursing homes (stress hormones drop immune responses)

example of learned helplessness

external locus of control

perception that chance or outside forces determine your fate ("I do not control my own destiny")

internal locus of control

Believing you control your own destiny

observational learning

learning by observing others

Bandura

Observational learning; Bobo dolls; social-cognitive theory

parents

little kids model their __________

peers

adolescents model their _________

true

true or false you are more likely to model the same sex

Bobo dolls

children who viewed aggressive models, tended to lash out against dolls

natural imitators

we as humans are ___________ __________

mirror neurons

front lobe neurons that fire when you are doing something but also when we watch others do something

behavior, clothing, etc.

imitation shapes every young persons...

their frontal lobe is later developed and enables them to understand others povs (mirror neurons)

childrens brains enables their empathy because...

prosocial effects

positive, constructive, helpful behavior. make you want to do good

prosocial people

exemplify, nonviolent and helpful behavior can prompt similar behavior

antisocial effects

violent behaviors (media)