XRAY FILM AND CASSETTE

X-Ray film

is a special type of photographic film used to capture images of the internal structure of objects, especially the human body, using X-rays

glass plate

celluluse nitrate

cellulose triacetate

polyester

history of xray film

glass plate

first film

cellulose nitrate

this film is flammable not use

cellulose triacetate

replace cellulose nitrate

polyester

widely used film

film

Converts invisible X-ray photons into a visible image after processing.

film

To record the pattern of X-rays that pass through the object or patient.

film base

adhesive layer

emulsion

supercoat

4 layers of xray film

film base

Provide support for emulsion layer.

film base

It is a transparent supporting material, made up of POLYESTER POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE RESIN

adhesive layer

Also called subbing layer or Substratum layer.

adhesive layer

It keeps emulsion layer and base adhered to each other during coating stage and processing.

silver halide grains

vehicle matrix

2 principle components of emulsion layer

SUPERCOAT

Protective layer of gelatin

SUPERCOAT

Reduces damage from scratches, pressure, or contamination during storage, handling and processing

SPEED

— How much exposure is needed to produce a given density. Faster films require less exposure

CONTRAST

— The film's ability to differentiate between tissues of different densities, represented by the slope (average gradient) of the curve. Higher contrast films exaggerate subject contrast

LATITUDE

— The range of exposures over which the film produces acceptable densities and contrast. Wider latitude films can accommodate a broader range of exposures

Intraoral films or Bitewing films

used in dentistry to examine the crowns of upper and lower back teeth and the bone height in a single area

Occlusal

used in diagnosing fractured or impacted teeth or evaluating the roots of your front teeth.

Radiographic Films

is a light-sensitive film containing silver halide crystals in a gelatin emulsion on a plastic base, which captures a latent image from X-rays or light to produce a permanent radiographic image after chemical processing.

Mammographic

A procedure that uses x-rays to take pictures of the inside of the breast and stores the images on x-ray film

cine film

the technique of capturing moving Xray images onto traditional film or more commonly, capturing digital sequences of images that are then played back as a movie to show the motion of organs or structures within the body.

monochromatic film

orthocromatic film

panchromatic film

types of films acoording to sensitivity

Monochromatic Film

Primarily used for recopying, it has no use in regular photography due to its sensitivity to only one colo

Orthochromatic Film

Sensitive to ultraviolet, violet, blue, green, and yellow parts of the spectrum. Does not accurately reproduce relative brightness and is available only in sheet film, not used in regular police photography

Panchromatic Film

Sensitive to all colors of the visual spectrum, helping select the correct film for any work. Films are divided based on color sensitivity

direct/nonscreen

indirect

2 general rypes of film

indirect/ screen films

which has a properties as most commonly used. Sensitive to blue light emitted by intensifying screens and direct actions of xrays. Used in cassettes with intensifying screens, and High speed.

NON-SCREEN/DIRECT EXPOSURE FILMS

which also has the properties, Has thicker coat of emulsion, used without intensifying screen.

cassette

to contain a film

cassette

to maintain the film in close, uniform contact with both screens during the exposure

cassette

to protect the intensifying screens from physical damage.

photographic (visibility)

geometric (sharpness)

2 factors of quality radiograph

radiographic contrast

optical density

2 types of photographic

radiograohic contrast

the distribution of density

kVp

controlling factor of radiographic contrast

inversely related

kVp and radiographic contrast relationship

optical density

total blackness of the film

mAs

controlling factor of optical density

directly related

mAs and optical density relationship

focal spot

major controlling factor of sharpness

contrast resolution

spatial resolution

2 types of resolution

contrast resolution

-where is where

• to distinguish 2 adjacent structure

spatial resolution

• ability to image “small structure”

distortion

deviated from normal anatomy

foreshortening

abnormally object angled

dapat parallel

elongation

abnormal tube angulation

dapat perpen

always reduce oid

increase sid

object as close as possible

sid as far as possible

oid fixed = increase sid

sid fixed = reduce oid

rules of magnification