Motivation, Hunger, and Work

A need or desire that energizes and directs behavior

What is the definition of motivation?

The idea that a physiological need creates an aroused state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need.

What is the core idea of drive-reduction theory

Homeostasis

The tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state is known as

A positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

What is an incentive in the context of motivation?

To seek an optimum level of arousal, as too little or too much can hinder performance

According to arousal theory, what are people motivated to do?

The Yerkes-Dodson law

What is the name for the principle that performance increases with arousal only up to a point, beyond which performance decreases?

Physiological, safety, belongingness and love, esteem, and self-actualization

list the five levels of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs from the base to the top

It demonstrated that stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger

What did A.L. Washburn’s experiment, in which he swallowed a balloon, demonstrate?

Glucose is the form of sugar that circulates in the blood; when its level is low, we feel hunger

What is glucose and how does it relate to hunger

The hypothalamus

Which brain structure is primarily responsible for monitoring blood chemistry and controlling hunger?

It triggers hunger

What effect does stimulating the lateral hypothalamus have on hunger?

It depresses hunger

What effect does stimulating the ventromedial hypothalamus have on hunger?

Orexin

Which hunger-triggering hormone is secreted by the hypothalamus

Empty stomach

Gherlin, a hormone that sends “I’m hungry” signals to the brain, is secreted by the

PYY

Which digestive tract hormone sends “I’m not hungry” signals to the brain?

It was criticized for naming behaviors without explaining them

In early evolutionary psychology, what was the failed assumption about simply naming instincts?

Physiological needs, such as the need to satisfy hunger and thirst

In Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, what is the most fundamental level that must be satisfied first?

Increases metabolism and decrease hunger

What is leptin and what does it do?

The point at which an individual's 'weight thermostat' is supposedly set, which the body tries to maintain

What is the set point in relation to weight?

Basal metabolic rate

The body’s resting rate of energy expenditure is known as the

People tend to eat more when eating with others

How does social facilitation affect eating behavior?

An eating disorder in which a person diets and becomes significantly underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve

What is anorexia nervosa?

An eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating followed by compensatory behaviors like vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise.

What is bulimia nervosa?

Significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory behavior that marks bulimia nervosa.

What is the central characteristic of binge-eating disorder?

The need to belong

According to Baumeister and Leary, what is the fundamental human motivation to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships.

Excitement, plateau, orgasm, and resolution

What are the four stages of the sexual response cycle as identified by Masters and Johnson?

A resting period after orgasm, during which a man cannot achieve another orgasm

What is the refractory period in the sexual response cycle?

A problem that consistently impairs sexual arousal or functioning.

What is a sexual disorder?

They direct the physical development of male and female sex characteristics and they activate sexual behavior

What are the two effects of sex hormones?

Testosterone

What is the primary male sex hormone, which is also found in females in smaller amounts?

An enduring sexual attraction toward members of either one's own sex (homosexual orientation) or the other sex (heterosexual orientation)

What is sexual orientation?

The finding that men who have older brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay, with the odds increasing for each additional older brother.

What is the “Fraternal birth-order effect?”?

He found that a cell cluster in the hypothalamus was reliably larger in heterosexual men than in women and homosexual men

What did researcher Simon LeVay discover about the brains of homosexual men?

Shared sexual orientation is higher among identical twins than among fraternal twins, suggesting a genetic component.

How do genetic influences appear to affect sexual orientation?

Exposure to certain hormone levels during critical periods of fetal development may predispose a person to be attracted to males or females later in life

What is the theorized role of prenatal hormones in sexual orientation?

A completely involved, focused state of consciousness with diminished awareness of self and time, resulting from optimal engagement of ones skills.

According to Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, what is “flow”?

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces

What is Industrial-Organizational (I/O) psychology?

It focuses on employee recruitment, selection, placement, training, appraisal, and development

What is the focus of personnel psychology, a subfield of I/O psychology?

It examines organizational influences on worker satisfaction and productivity and facilitates organizational change

What does organizational psychology examine?

The tendency for interviewers to overrate their ability to predict long-term job performance from an unstructured interview.

What is the interviewer illusion?

Structured interview

An ___ asks the same job-relevant questions of all applicants, each of whom is rated on established scales.

A desire for significant accomplishment, for mastery of things, people, or ideas, or for attaining a high standard.

What is achievement motivation?

Task leadership

What type of leadership is goal-oriented and focuses on setting standards, organizing work, and focusing on goals?

Social leadership

What type of leadership is group-oriented and focuses on building teamwork, mediating conflict, and offering support?

That workers are lazy, error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money

According to Douglas McGregor, what assumptions does a Theory X manager make about employees?

That workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and can be creative, competent, and self-directed.

According to Douglas McGregor, what assumptions does a Theory Y manager make about employees?

A conflict where both goals or events has positive aspects.

In Lewin’s Motivational Conflict Theory, what is an approach-approach conflict?

A conflict where both goals or events has negative aspects.

In Lewin’s Motivational Conflict Theory, what is an avoidance-avoidance conflict?

A conflict where one goal or event has both positive and negative aspects

In Lewin’s Motivational Conflict Theory, what is an approach-avoidance conflict?

The one’s level of need for varied or novel experiences is the basis of motivation

What is the core proposal of sensation-seeking theory?

Intrinsic (Internal) and extrinsic (external) motivations.

What are the two types of motivation proposed by self-determination theory?

Autonomy, competence, and relatednes

According to self-determination theory, what are the three basic organismic needs?

The role of external rewards in motivating behavior.

What is the central idea of incentive theory?

Instincts are complex, rigidly patterned behaviors throughout a species, while reflexes are simple, automatic responses.

How do instincts, as defined in psychology, differ from reflexes?

Self-actualization needs

What need on Maslow’s Hierarchy is described as the need to live up to one’s fullest and unique potential?

Safety needs.

What level of Maslow’s hierarchy invovles the need to feel safe, secure, and stable?

It can activate the same brain areas as physical pain.

How does the brain respond to social rejection or isolation?

360-degree feedback

What is the term for a performance appraisal process that includes ratings from supervisors, peers, subordinates, and customers, as well as self-ratings?