Midterm Study Guide Pt 3

Tendinosis

caused by microtears in the tendon connective tissue, degeneration of a tendon.

DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness)

follows participation in an activity, involves microscopic tears in the muscle tissue, with inflammation, swelling, and pain.

pH

is a measure of how acidic /basic a solution is.

Myositis Ossificans

calcium mass that forms in a muscle 3- 4 wks after a muscle injury in response to trauma.

Hernia

balloon-like section of the abdominal cavity lining protruding through a hole or weakened section of abdomen muscles.

Telophase

chromosomes "decondense” and a new nuclear membrane forms.

Cramp

moderate to severe muscle spasms causing pain.

Posterior (dorsal)

toward the back of the body.

Mitochondrion

Organelle that makes ATP.

Rough ER

Network of membranes that are studded with ribosomes.

Anterior (ventral)

toward the front of the body.

Adduction

movement of a body segment closer to the body in the FRONTAL plane.

All or none law

When stimulated, a muscle will exhibit maximum tension and all muscle fibers with contract at the same time or not at all.

Ribosomes

________- large enzymes that make polypeptides.

Epimysium

outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle.

Synaptic Cleft

a tiny gap that separates the axon terminal and muscle fiber.

Aponeurosis

flat, sheet- like, fibrous tissue connects muscle or bone or other tissues.

Respiratory Sys

________- lungs, nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, and trachea.

Acetylcholine receptor sites

receive the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle (Acetylcholine)

Abduction

movement of a body segments away from the body along the FRONTAL plane.

Anaphase

centromeres are cut in half, sister chromatids pull toward centrioles.

Opposition

touching any of your 4 fingers to your thumb (enables grasping of objects)

Supination

lateral rotation of the forearm (palm up)

Pronation

Medial rotation of the forearm (palm down)

Cardiac

Uninucleate, Striated /Branching, Involuntary, Intercalculated Disks.

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the tip of the foot toward the lower leg.

Vesicles

contain acetylcholine in the axon terminal.

Endomysium

fine, protective sheath of connective tissue around skeletal muscle fiber.

Extension

movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position in the sagittal plane.

Epithelial tissue

lines and covers, includes epithelial and glands.

Peroxisome

contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions,

Skeletal muscle

Mulitnucleate, Striated, Voluntary

Cardiac muscle

Uninucleate, Striated/Branching, Involuntary, Intercalculated Disks

Smooth muscle

Uninucleate, Unstriated, Involuntary,

What happens to the muscle when it has tension (is it longer or shorter)

it shortens and then relaxes

Concentric contraction

shortening of muscle, agonist contracts

Eccentric contraction

lengthening of muscle, agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes

Isometric contraction

no change in muscle length both agonist and antagonist contract

All or none law

When stimulated, a muscle will exhibit maximum tension and all muscle fibers with contract at the same time or not at all

Cross bridges are formed…

when actin filaments sliding along and attaching to myosin heads when the sarcomere is activated by an action potentials

Fast twitch

Type 2, fast, tire quickly

Slow twitch

Type 1, slow, fatigue resistant

Parallel

muscle fibers do not cross each other

Pennate

fiber arrangement attaches obliquely to a central tendon

The 6 formations a muscle can be in

Pennate: Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate

Parallel: Fusiform, Bundled, Triangular

Ulnar deviation

rotation of the hand towards the little finger

Radial deviation

rotation of the hand towards the thumb

Plantar flexion

Downward motion of the foot away from the lower leg

Dorsiflexion

Movement of the tip of the foot toward the lower leg

Flexion

forward movement of a body segment AWAY from anatomical position in the sagittal plane

Extension

movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position in the sagittal plane

Hyperextension

backward movement of a body segment past anatomical position in sagittal plane

Circumduction

a body segments rational movement such that the end of the segment traces a circle

Eversion

movement in which the foots sole is rolled outward

Inversion

movement in which the foots sole is rolled inward

Insertion

muscle attachment to a bone that tends to move when the muscle contracts

Origin

muscle attachment to a relatively fixed structure

Lateral rotation

Outward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane

Medial rotation

Inward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane

Opposition

touching any of your 4 fingers to your thumb (enables grasping of objects)

Muscle strain

an injury occurring when a muscle is stretched beyond its accustomed limits

Tendinitis

inflammation of a tendon, with pain and swelling

Muscular Dystrophy

a disorder characterized by progressively worsening muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue, is a group of disorders

Contusion

a bruise resulting from impact or trauma

Shin Splints

pain localized to the anterior lower leg

Axon

long, thin fiber, connected to motor neuron cell body

Axon terminal

offshoots the axon, branch out and connect to individual muscle fibers

Vesicles

contain acetylcholine in the axon terminal

Acetylcholine receptor sites

receive the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle (Acetylcholine)

Muscle fiber

An individual skeletal muscle cell

Sarcolemma

Delicate membrane surrounding each striated muscle fiber

Perimysium

connective tissue surrounds each primary bundle of muscle fibers or a fascicle

Medial

toward the midline of the body

Superior (cranial)

closer to the head

Inferior (caudal)

away from the head

Distal

away from the trunk

Proximal

closer to the trunk

Superficial

toward the surface of the body

Deep

away from the surface of the body

Respiratory Sys

lungs, nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, and trachea

* Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood

Integumentary Sys

layers of skin, hair, nails

* Protects, eliminates wastes, helps reg body temp, vitamin D production

Nervous Sys

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors

* Receives and interprets sensory info, coordinates body movements, includes memory, emotions, and cognition

Endocrine Sys

endocrine glands

* Secretes hormones

Reproductive Sys

enables production of offspring

Female - Uterus, Vagina, Ovaries

Male - Penis, Scrotum, Testes

Muscular Sys

Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle

Skeletal Sys

bones, cartilage, ligaments

* Supports the body, produces blood cells, protects organs

Urinary Sys

kidneys, bladder

* Removes nitrogen-containing wastes from blood

Digestive Sys

Stomach, esophagus, intestines

* Breaks down food for absorption of nutrients by the body

Lymphatic Sys

lymphatic vessels and nodes

* Returns body fluids to the bloodstream

Cardiovascular Sys

heart, blood vessels

* Transfers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes waste products

Special Sensory Sys

eyes, ears, organs of smell and taste

* Enables vision, hearing, smell, and taste

Prophase

chromatin condenses into chromosomes, cell membrane brakes down

Metaphase

chromosomes line up in the center of the cell

Plasma membrane

regulates in and out movement, defines outer shell of cell

Cytoplasm

liquid and organelles (microvilli, cilla, centrioles) inside the cell (except nucleus)

Nucleus

control center of the cell contains DNA

Golgi apparatus

a set of membranous discs in cytoplasm

Smooth ER

network of membranes

Cytoskeleton

defines cell shape and gives mechanical strength

Ribosomes

large enzymes that make polypeptides