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Midterm Study Guide Pt 3
Midterm Study Guide Pt 3
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111 Terms
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1
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Tendinosis
caused by microtears in the tendon connective tissue, degeneration of a tendon.
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DOMS (delayed onset muscle soreness)
follows participation in an activity, involves microscopic tears in the muscle tissue, with inflammation, swelling, and pain.
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pH
is a measure of how acidic /basic a solution is.
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Myositis Ossificans
calcium mass that forms in a muscle 3- 4 wks after a muscle injury in response to trauma.
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Hernia
balloon-like section of the abdominal cavity lining protruding through a hole or weakened section of abdomen muscles.
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Telophase
chromosomes "decondense” and a new nuclear membrane forms.
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Cramp
moderate to severe muscle spasms causing pain.
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Posterior (dorsal)
toward the back of the body.
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Mitochondrion
Organelle that makes ATP.
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Rough ER
Network of membranes that are studded with ribosomes.
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Anterior (ventral)
toward the front of the body.
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Adduction
movement of a body segment closer to the body in the FRONTAL plane.
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All or none law
When stimulated, a muscle will exhibit maximum tension and all muscle fibers with contract at the same time or not at all.
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Ribosomes
________- large enzymes that make polypeptides.
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Epimysium
outermost layer of connective tissue that surrounds skeletal muscle.
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Synaptic Cleft
a tiny gap that separates the axon terminal and muscle fiber.
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Aponeurosis
flat, sheet- like, fibrous tissue connects muscle or bone or other tissues.
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Respiratory Sys
________- lungs, nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, and trachea.
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Acetylcholine receptor sites
receive the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle (Acetylcholine)
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Abduction
movement of a body segments away from the body along the FRONTAL plane.
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Anaphase
centromeres are cut in half, sister chromatids pull toward centrioles.
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Opposition
touching any of your 4 fingers to your thumb (enables grasping of objects)
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Supination
lateral rotation of the forearm (palm up)
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Pronation
Medial rotation of the forearm (palm down)
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Cardiac
Uninucleate, Striated /Branching, Involuntary, Intercalculated Disks.
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Dorsiflexion
Movement of the tip of the foot toward the lower leg.
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Vesicles
contain acetylcholine in the axon terminal.
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Endomysium
fine, protective sheath of connective tissue around skeletal muscle fiber.
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Extension
movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position in the sagittal plane.
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Epithelial tissue
lines and covers, includes epithelial and glands.
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Peroxisome
contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions,
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Skeletal muscle
Mulitnucleate, Striated, Voluntary
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Cardiac muscle
Uninucleate, Striated/Branching, Involuntary, Intercalculated Disks
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Smooth muscle
Uninucleate, Unstriated, Involuntary,
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What happens to the muscle when it has tension (is it longer or shorter)
it shortens and then relaxes
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Concentric contraction
shortening of muscle, agonist contracts
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Eccentric contraction
lengthening of muscle, agonist contracts and antagonist relaxes
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Isometric contraction
no change in muscle length both agonist and antagonist contract
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All or none law
When stimulated, a muscle will exhibit maximum tension and all muscle fibers with contract at the same time or not at all
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Cross bridges are formed…
when actin filaments sliding along and attaching to myosin heads when the sarcomere is activated by an action potentials
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Fast twitch
Type 2, fast, tire quickly
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Slow twitch
Type 1, slow, fatigue resistant
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Parallel
muscle fibers do not cross each other
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Pennate
fiber arrangement attaches obliquely to a central tendon
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The 6 formations a muscle can be in
Pennate: Unipennate, Bipennate, Multipennate
Parallel: Fusiform, Bundled, Triangular
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Ulnar deviation
rotation of the hand towards the little finger
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Radial deviation
rotation of the hand towards the thumb
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Plantar flexion
Downward motion of the foot away from the lower leg
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Dorsiflexion
Movement of the tip of the foot toward the lower leg
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Flexion
forward movement of a body segment AWAY from anatomical position in the sagittal plane
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Extension
movement that returns a body segment to anatomical position in the sagittal plane
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Hyperextension
backward movement of a body segment past anatomical position in sagittal plane
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Circumduction
a body segments rational movement such that the end of the segment traces a circle
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Eversion
movement in which the foots sole is rolled outward
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Inversion
movement in which the foots sole is rolled inward
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Insertion
muscle attachment to a bone that tends to move when the muscle contracts
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Origin
muscle attachment to a relatively fixed structure
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Lateral rotation
Outward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane
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Medial rotation
Inward movement of a body segment in the transverse plane
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Opposition
touching any of your 4 fingers to your thumb (enables grasping of objects)
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Muscle strain
an injury occurring when a muscle is stretched beyond its accustomed limits
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Tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon, with pain and swelling
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Muscular Dystrophy
a disorder characterized by progressively worsening muscle weakness and loss of muscle tissue, is a group of disorders
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Contusion
a bruise resulting from impact or trauma
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Shin Splints
pain localized to the anterior lower leg
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Axon
long, thin fiber, connected to motor neuron cell body
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Axon terminal
offshoots the axon, branch out and connect to individual muscle fibers
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Vesicles
contain acetylcholine in the axon terminal
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Acetylcholine receptor sites
receive the neurotransmitter that stimulates muscle (Acetylcholine)
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Muscle fiber
An individual skeletal muscle cell
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Sarcolemma
Delicate membrane surrounding each striated muscle fiber
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Perimysium
connective tissue surrounds each primary bundle of muscle fibers or a fascicle
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Medial
toward the midline of the body
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Superior (cranial)
closer to the head
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Inferior (caudal)
away from the head
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Distal
away from the trunk
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Proximal
closer to the trunk
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Superficial
toward the surface of the body
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Deep
away from the surface of the body
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Respiratory Sys
lungs, nasal passages, larynx, pharynx, and trachea
* Delivers oxygen and removes carbon dioxide from blood
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Integumentary Sys
layers of skin, hair, nails
* Protects, eliminates wastes, helps reg body temp, vitamin D production
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Nervous Sys
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
* Receives and interprets sensory info, coordinates body movements, includes memory, emotions, and cognition
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Endocrine Sys
endocrine glands
* Secretes hormones
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Reproductive Sys
enables production of offspring
Female - Uterus, Vagina, Ovaries
Male - Penis, Scrotum, Testes
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Muscular Sys
Cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscle
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Skeletal Sys
bones, cartilage, ligaments
* Supports the body, produces blood cells, protects organs
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Urinary Sys
kidneys, bladder
* Removes nitrogen-containing wastes from blood
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Digestive Sys
Stomach, esophagus, intestines
* Breaks down food for absorption of nutrients by the body
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Lymphatic Sys
lymphatic vessels and nodes
* Returns body fluids to the bloodstream
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Cardiovascular Sys
heart, blood vessels
* Transfers oxygen and nutrients to the body’s cells and removes waste products
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Special Sensory Sys
eyes, ears, organs of smell and taste
* Enables vision, hearing, smell, and taste
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Prophase
chromatin condenses into chromosomes, cell membrane brakes down
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Metaphase
chromosomes line up in the center of the cell
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Plasma membrane
regulates in and out movement, defines outer shell of cell
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Cytoplasm
liquid and organelles (microvilli, cilla, centrioles) inside the cell (except nucleus)
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Nucleus
control center of the cell contains DNA
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Golgi apparatus
a set of membranous discs in cytoplasm
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Smooth ER
network of membranes
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Cytoskeleton
defines cell shape and gives mechanical strength
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Ribosomes
large enzymes that make polypeptides
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