1.1: Cultural Diversity in the Americas When Columbus reached the Americas, the existing cultures varied greatly, partially because of differences i

What were some key factors influencing Native American cultural diversity in the Americas before Columbus?

Differences in geography and climate led to the development of various cultures with distinctive traits.

What major events were triggered by Columbus's arrival in the Americas?

His arrival initiated the Columbian Exchange, leading to significant cultural, agricultural, and demographic changes.

What was the main economic motivation for European explorers in the Americas?

To find wealth through trade routes, gold and silver mining, and establishing plantations.

What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on European diets?

Introduced crops like corn (maize), potatoes, and tomatoes, which revolutionized European diets.

Who were the primary European countries involved in colonization during the early exploration of the Americas?

Spain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, and England.

What was the encomienda system established by the Spanish in the Americas?

A labor system that allowed Spanish settlers to control Native Americans on their lands to force them into labor.

What was the significance of the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494?

It divided newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal, with Spain getting the west and Portugal the east.

Who were the Mayas and what were their contributions to civilization?

The Mayas built cities on the Yucatán Peninsula between 300 and 800, with maize as their primary food source.

What were the main crops cultivated by the Incas in Peru?

Potatoes were the primary crop cultivated by the Incas.

What triggered the decline of Native American populations within a century of European contact?

The introduction of European germs, which caused devastating epidemics.

How did European colonization impact Native American societies?

It often led to violence, exploitation, and significant cultural changes as European powers sought land and resources.

What was the role of enslaved Africans in the Americas during colonization?

They provided labor for plantations and mines, significantly contributing to the economic growth of colonial societies.

What was the key outcome of the Valladolid Debate regarding Native Americans?

It reflected differing views on the moral status of Native Americans, though neither side fully persuaded the audience.

What was the religious motivation for European exploration and colonization?

The desire to spread Christianity and combat the influence of Protestant Reformation.

What system replaced the use of Native Americans for labor when their populations declined?

The importation of enslaved Africans became the primary labor system in many colonies.

Why was the introduction of the printing press significant during the Renaissance in Europe?

It aided the spread of knowledge and ideas, encouraging exploration and scientific advancements.