clin lab 3 chiemical blood/ chemistries

This is produced primarily in the liver, as well as ingested in food. It is not a liver specific test but can sometimes be used as a screening test for hypothyroidism.

cholesterol (CHOL)

This is present as iso enzymes in many tissues. In young animals, most comes from active bone marrow formation and in older animals, most come from liver.

alkaline phosphate ( ALKP, ALP, AP, ALK PHOS)

This is very valuable when determining an animal's hydration status.

Total Protein (TP)

This is found in significant amounts in RBCs, cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and pancreas. It is not a liver specific enzyme but increases can indicate non specific liver damage.

Aspartate Aminotransferase (AST)

This is a group of proteins that consist of alpha, beta, and gamma.

Globulins (GLOB)

This is the enzyme of choice for evaluating ruminant and avian liver function, but no standardized test method has been developed for use in veterinary lab.

Glutamate Dehydrogenase (GLDH)

This is the current test of choice for evaluating liver function and usually detects liver problems before icterus or jaundice occurs.

bile acids (BA)

This is produced in the liver, is the precursor to fribrin, and is necessary for clot formation.

fribrinogen

This has two forms and helps to determine the cause of jaundice, evaluate liver function, and check the patency of vial ducts

bilirubin (TBIL)

This enzyme is primarily found in hepatocytes. In dogs, cats, and primates. it is a liver specific enzyme, but is not a good test for large animals.

Alanine Aminotransferase / Transaminase (ALT)

This is one of the most important proteins in plasma or serum. It makes up 35% to 50% of the total plasma protein been most animals.

Albumin (ALB)

This enzyme is found primarily in hepatocytes and offers a liver specific diagnostic test for animals.

Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH)

What animals do not have a gallbladder?

horses, rats, and birds

No one test is capable of determining the presence or absence of liver disease. A combination of test is typically run.

Usually liver disease is greatly progressed before any clinical signs appear and\_______of the liver is non functional before serum chemistry changes are noted.

70%

What was Alanine Aminotransferase/ Transaminase formally known as?

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Tranaminase (SGPT)

Aspartate Aminotransferase was formally know as ?

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase

any alteration in this ratio is the first indication of a protein abnormality.

A/G (albumin/globulin) ratio

This is primarily found in the liver. Increases can indicate cholestasis, obstructive liver disease, and neoplasia.

Gamma Glutamyltranspeptudase (GGT/GT)

What are blood chemistries?

they are biochemical/ chemical substances such as enzymes, hormones, and electrolytes that are dissolved and carried into the blood

What type of sample do most chemistry and analyzers require ?

serum

Why should you never leave a centrifuged blood sample/tube sitting out at room temperature for an extended period of time?

RBC's absorb glucose, causing the patient to appear hypoglycemic

What are four factors that can influence blood chemistry results?

-Quality of sample being tested - medications - stress - age

List all of the protein assays:

- Total protein (TP) - Albumin (ALB) - Globulins (GLOB) - A/G ratio - Fibrinogen

List all of the hypatocyte function tests:

- bilirubin (TBIL) - Bile acids (BA) - cholesterol (CHOL)

Define cholestasis:

bile duct obstruction

List all of the enzymes associated with cholestasis:

- alkaline phosphate (ALKP) - gamma glutamyltranspeptidase ( GGT)

List all of the hypatobiliary assays:

- Alanine Aminotransferase/ Transaminase (ALT) - Asparate Aminotransferase (AST) - Sorbital Dehydrogenase (SDH) - glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH)

What are the two forms of bilirubin?

conjugated and unconjugated

define azotemia:

increased retention of urea in the blood

Define ischemia

lack of flowing blood

In \_______, uric acid is the major end product of nitrogen metabolism.

birds

What are the 3 main tests to assess the hydration status of an animal?

- urine specific gravity - plasma protein (total protein) - packed cell volume

Measurement of uric acid in the plasma or serum is used to evaluate \________ and \________ function in birds.

kidney/ liver

Pancreas assays consist of two different organs/ portions, \_________ and \__________, held together in one stroma.

exorcine portion/ endocrine portion

The exorcine portion , also referred to as the \__________, makes up the \___________ portion of the pancreas.

acinar pancreas/ greatest

The three main pancreatic enzymes produced are?

amylase, lipase, trypsin

Increases in GLDH indicate hypatocyte damaged / disease or \________ in cattle and sheep.

necrosis

GLDH is the enzyme of choice for evaluating \______ and \______ liver function, But no standardized test method has been developed for use in the average veterinary lab.

ruminant / avain

This test is used to help diagnose Cushing's and Addison's disease. It evaluates the degree of adrenal gland response to the administration of synthetic ACTH.

ACTH stimulation

This is more sensitive for detecing pancreatitis because it is only produced in the pancreas.

Lipase (LIP)

This evaluates kidney function on the basis of the kidneys to remove nitrogenous waste from the blood, evaluating glomerular filtration and function.

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Used as an indicator of carbohydrate metabolism, the breakdown of glycogen in the liver, and the production of glucose in the liver. It indirectly measures the amount of insulin produced.

Glucose (GLU)

This confirms or replaces the ACTH stimulation test for Cushing's disease. It involves the administration of the glucocorticoid dexamethasone.

Low Dosage Dexamethasone Suppresion Test (LDDS)

This is a metabolic byprouduct of nitrogen catabolism that is found primarily in the liver. It is more useful in Dalmatians and is used to evaluate kidney and liver function in birds

Uric Acid

A proteolytic enzyme that aids in digestion by catalyzing the reaction that breaks down the proteins of ingested food. It is more detectable in feces than in blood.

Trypsin

This represents the irreversible reaction of glucose bound to protein, and an increase can indicate persistent hyperglycemia. It gives an indication of the average serum glucose over 1 to 2 weeks.

Fructosamine

Used to evaluate renal function on the ability of the glomeruli to filter substances from the blood and excrete in urine and is a byproduct of muscle metabolism.

creatinine (CREA)

The most accurate test for pancreatitis and it is sent to an outside lab.

Pancreatitis Lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)

This can further differentiate pituitary dependent versus adrenal tumor as the cause for cushing's disease. It involves the administration of glucose corticoid demix dexamethasone

High dosage dexamethasone Suppression Test (HDDS)

Used to assess the kidneys' ability to concentrate or dilute urine.

Urine SG

Primarily found in the pancreas, but also produced in the salivary glands and the small intestine. Increase are almost always caused by pancreatic disease.

Amylase (AMYL)

This radioimmunoassay that uses antibodies to trypsin. It is an important indicator of functional pancreatic mass and provides a sensitive and specific test for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency in dogs and some cats.

Trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI)

This represents the irreversible reaction of hemoglobin bound to glucose, and an increase can indicate persistent hyperglycemia.

glycosylated hemoglobin

What are the two different portions of the pancreas called and what enzymes/hormones are produced/secreted from each portion?

- exocrine ( amylase, lipase, trypsin) - endocrine ( glucagon, somatosatin, insulin)

What is the most common endocrine disorder of the pancreas?

diabetes mellitus

List the hormones produced in the cortex:

glucocorticoids mineralcorticodes androgenic hormones ( sex hormones)

List the hormones produced by the medulla:

epinephrine norepinephrine

What is another name for Cushing's disease, and briefly describe what it is :

hyperadrenocorticism / an excessive production/secretion of cortisol

What is another name for Addison's disease and briefly describe what it is?

hypoadrenocorticism / diminished production/ secretion of cortisol

List ALL the kidneys assays:

Blood urea nitrogen ( BUN) creatinine ( CREA) Uric acid (UA) Urine Specific gravity (SG)

List ALL of the pancreas assays (exocrine and endocrine)

exocrine - amylase ( AMYL) - lipase (LIP) - trypsin - Trypsinlike immunoreactivity (TLI) - Pancreatic Lipase immunoreactivity (PLI) endocrine - glucose (GLU) - glucosylated hemoglobin - fructosamine

Define Tetany

muscle spasm ( contractions)

define postprandial

after a meal

define preprandial

before a meal

define polyphagia

excessive eatting

define osmotic pressure

the pressure needed to prevent the movement of water across the membrane

define malabsorption

decrease in absorption of nutrients

define iatrogenic

condition caused by medical treatment or procedure given to animal

Define hypoxia

oxygen deficiency

Define ascites

excess fluid in abdominal cavity

Define exocrine

glands that secrete their products through ducts that lead directly where needed

Define Endocrine

glands that secrete hormones or other products directly into the circulatory system

Define hypercalcemia

increased calcium levels in blood

Define hypokalemia

decreased potassium levels

Is an addisonian crisis an emergency situation and should be seen by a vet immediately?

yes

Never give \________ to a dog that is not eating well.

Lysodren

What test is only suitable for cats?

High dosage dexamethasone suppression test (HDDS)

Insulin must be kept \___________, do not \___________.

refrigerated/ freeze

What is the narrow fluctuating range ?

70 - 120 g/ dl

99% of this is found in the bone, they're remaining 1% or less is important in major body functions. Increased levels can be due to neoplasia or bone disease and decreased levels can be due to malabsorption or eclampsia.

Calcium ( Ca)

This is produced in striated muscle cells in some in the brain. When skeletal or cardiac muscle is damaged or destroyed, this enzyme leaks out of the cells.

creatine kinase (CK)

This thyroid hormone is also called Tetraiodthyronine/thyroxine and can be helpful in diagnosing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

T- 4

This is the most abundant extracellular cation. It is important in water distribution and body fluid osmodic pressure maintenance.

Sodium (Na)

This is one of the major lipids in plasma and is used to detect abnormalities in fat metabolism.

triglycerides (TRIG)

This is the most abundant extracellular anion. It is important in maintenance of water distribution and osthmatic pressure and has a close relationship with Na and bicarb.

chloride ( Cl)

This is the active form of tetraiodthyronine/ thyroxine that is not bound to protein and can be helpful in diagnosing hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism.

Free T- 4

This is found in a variety of tissues including the liver, heart, and skeletal muscle. It can be useful in avian medicine and increase can mean liver disease and birds.

lactate dehydrogenase ( LDH)

This is the second most common intercellular cation. It is found in all body tissues, is related to Ca and Phos, and it is involved in the production and decomposition of acetylcholine.

magnesium (mg)

This is produced in anaerobic cellular metabolism, and increased levels can indicate hypoxia or hypoperfusion.

lactic acid ( LAC)

This is a major intercellular cation. It is important for a normal muscular function, respiration, cardiac function, nerve impulse transmission, and carbohydrate metabolism.

potassium (K)

What is the test of choice for liver function?

bile acids

What is the test of choice for pancreatitis ?

Pancreatic lipase immunoreactivity (PLI)

What is the test of choice for ruminant in avians?

GLDH

What is a prerenal cause for an increase in BUN?

shock

What is a renal cause of an increased BUN?

nephritis

What is a post renal cause for an increased BUN?

obstruction

What is a non renal cause for an increased BUN?

fever

Cushing's disease is also known as?

Hyperadrenocorticism

Addison's disease is also known as?

Hypoadrenocorticism