Shallice and Warrington (1969)

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Aim

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1

Aim

To investigate the relationship between the long term and short term memory stores when the short term memory has been impaired

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2

Participant

  • K.F was a young man who is 28 years old that was in a motorcycle accidence when he was 17

  • Sustained a left parieto-occipital fracture in that accident and was unconscious for 10 weeks

  • 2 years later he started epilepsy and in 1965 was investigated

  • He was totally unable to repeat letters and numbers, shows defect in his STM, his LTM remains intact

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3

Procedure

  • Researchers used triangulation, testing patient K.F. in free recall with verbal material (numbers, letters, words) presented in strings of 1, 2, 3, and 4 items.

  • K.F. learned and recalled these items after a specified period.

  • Additional auditory tests assessed K.F.'s verbal and auditory short-term memory capacities.

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4

Findings

  • Auditory performance on the task is related to numbers of items in each string

  • KF was only able to repeat one item reliably and proportion of items decreases as the string length increases

  • Memory of visual presented material > auditory presented material

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5

Conclusion

  • KF's STM was severely damaged in that its capacity is greatly reduced

  • Identifying difference between auditory and visual memory capacity suggests 2 separate stores

  • KF intact LTM and impaired STM contradicts the MSM theory that material in LTM has first been processed in the STM

  • It does support Atkinson and Shiffrins contention that there are seperate memory stores for STM and LTM

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6

Strengths

  • Research triangulation utilised: increases reliability and validity

  • Informed consent

  • KF’s identity was remained anonymous

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7

Limitations

  • Ethically non-replicable (case study)

  • Researchers must ensure to report unbiased information

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