Shaping

Shaping behavior

The reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior.

Chaining

A series of behaviors where each step is reinforced by the opportunity to perform the next step.

Superstitious behavior

Any behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it doesn’t produce the reinforcers that maintain it. (Coincidental reinforcement)

Insightful problem solving

A solution to a problem without the benefit of prior learning.

Helplessness

A condition where an individual learns to be helpless despite the possibility of escape from a negative situation.

Creativity

Behavior that includes novelty, originality, and can be reinforced.

How to shape behavior

Reinforce small steps, immediately, with small reinforcements, and be willing to go back.

Shaping Behavior (Chaining)

Break down the behavior; task analysis (Forward or backward chaining)

Each step is reinforced by the opportunity to perform the next step.

The last act of the chain is the primary reinforcer.