Anatomy Lab Quiz #3 Terms and Stuff (2)

Auscultation

the method of listening to and studying heart sounds during heart activity

Stethoscope

a medical instrument with ear pieces connected to tubes attached to a small, disc-shaped resonator that is placed against the chest

Heart Murmurs

one of the heart valves does not function correctly

1st Heart Sound (S1)

the “lub” sound of the heart, heard during systole, and caused by the closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves, the mitral (bicuspid) valve, and the tricuspid valve; longer and louder than S2

2nd Heart Sound (S2)

the “dub” sound of the heart, heard during systole, and caused by the closure of the semilunar (SL) valves, the aortic semilunar valve, and the pulmonary semilunar valve; higher-pitched sound than S1

3rd Heart Sound (S3)

occurs during diastole, and is a lower-pitched sound produced by vibrations of the ventricle walls as the ventricles rapidly fill with blood

4th Heart Sound (S4)

occurs during diastole, and is a low-intensity sound heart as the atria contract to push blood down into the ventricles

Auscultatory Areas

represent where sounds from each valve can be heart most clearly

Blood Pressure

pressure created by the force of blood pushing against the walls of the arteries as your heart pumps blood into the blood vessels (mm Hg)

Systolic Pressure

pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are contracting (i.e., ventricular systole); important indicator of the force of contraction of the heart; highest pressure

• 90-120 mm Hg

Diastolic Pressure

pressure in the arteries when the ventricles are relaxed (i.e., ventricular diastole); an important indicator of systemic blood vessels; lower pressure

• 60-80 mm Hg

Pulse Pressure

the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure indicating the force of blood pushing through the vessels

• average = ~40 mm Hg

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

average blood pressure during a cardiac cycle; a normal MAP is 70-100 mm Hg

• combination of cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR)

Perfusion

blood flow

MAP equations

MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure

OR

MAP = cardiac output (ml blood/min) * total peripheral resistance (TPR units)

Cardiac Output (CO) Equation

Cardiac Output = stroke volume (ml blood/beat) * heart rate (beats/min)

What happens to peripheral resistance as vessel diameter decreases?

peripheral resistance increases

What happens to peripheral resistance as blood viscosity increases?

peripheral resistance increases

What happens to blood pressure as either cardiac output or resistance increase?

blood pressure increases

Sphygmomanometer (pressure cuff)

indirect measurement of blood pressure; determined by listening to sounds of the artery by use of a stethoscope

Palpatory Method

indirect measurement of blood pressure; involves palpating the pulse as pressure is applied to an artery with a sphygmomanometer

What artery is most typically used for application of pressure in for the sphygmomanometer and palpatory method?

brachial artery

What artery is most typically used to determine systolic pressure for the palpatory method?

radial artery → diastolic pressure cannot be measured

What is the time limit for leaving the cuff on a person's arm for?

no more than 1 minute and don’t overtighten the valve

What is the stethoscope used for during the auscultatory method?

used to hear changes in sounds in the brachial artery

What happens to the artery as pressure is released during the auscultatory method?

as pressure is released, the artery collapses and reopens with each heartbeat and blood flow through the artery returns

• this pattern or collapsing and reopening results in turbulence through the vessel

Korotkoff Sounds

5 phases of these sounds with 1, 4, and 5 being easier to ausculate

Phase 1 Korotkoff Sounds

a sharp tapping or thudding sound which may increase in intensity over the next 10 mm Hg drop in pressure; this phase indicates the systolic pressure

Phase 4 Korotkoff Sounds

the distinct abrupt muffling of the sounds; they will become soft and reduced in intensity → usually called the “first diastolic reading”

Phase 5 Korotkoff Sounds

all sounds disappear → absence of sound is considered the “second diastolic reading.”

• doctor’s usually use this pressure as the recorded diastolic pressure

Where should the pulse rate be taken if the blood pressure is being taken on one arm?

should be taken on the OPPOSITE arm

Total Peripheral Resistance (TPR)

the amount of force affecting resistance to blood flow through the circulatory system

What does vasoconstriction of blood vessels do to TPR? Vasodilation?

vasoconstriction causes an increase in TPR and vasodilation causes a decrease in TPR

TPR Equation

Mean Arterial Pressure / Cardiac Output (CO)

TPR_est Equation

\frac{\frac{\left\lbrack systolicpressure+\left(2\cdot diastolicpressure\right)\right\rbrack}{3}}{pulsepressure\cdot heartrate}

The Auscultatory Method

this method utilizes the sphygmomanometer, but also requires the use of a stethoscope to hear changes in sounds in the brachial artery

The Cold Pressor Test

a normal reflex response to a decrease in temperature is an increase in systolic and diastolic blood pressure

Hypertension

a chronic condition where blood force against artery walls is consistently high

• pressure will rise as high as 40 mm Hg during cold pressor test

Venous Insufficiency

a problem where blood is not effectively returned to the heart at a desireable rate

The Diving Reflex

most marine mammals experience a decrease in metabolic rate while underwater such that cells require less oxygen with time

Diving Bradycardia & Peripheral Vasoconstriction (diving reflex)

a noticeable slowing of the heart rate while submerged underwater and a decrease in blood vessel diameter to non-vital parts of the body

• results in an overall reduction of circulation to all parts of body except vital organs/tissues

Where is the receptor responsible for the response for diving bradycardia found? What nerve do these receptors trigger?

in the nose; trigger the trigeminal nerve

The Harvard Step Test

a measure of cardiovascular health and endurance, testing the general capacity of the body to cope with increased physical work, and the ability to recover from it

Index of Physical Fitness (Index) Equation

Index=\frac{duractionexercise\left(s\right)\cdot100}{2\cdot\left(\sum^{}3pulsecountsinrecovery\right)}

• duration of exercise (seconds)

• 3 pulse counts in recover

YMCA 3 Minute Step Test

popular test that estimates the subject’s cardiovascular fitness based on how the body responds to physical work

• accounts for heart rate immediately after exercise; a measure of submaximal cardiovascular fitness