Anatomy week 4 (skeletal and muscular systems)

What is the skeleton divide into

axial and appendicular portions

axial skeleton

skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thorax

how many bones does the axial skeleton have

80 bones

cranial bones (8 bones )

surrounds the brain
frontal (1)
ethmoid (1)
sphenoid(1)
parietal (2)
temporal(2)
occipital (1)

facial bone (14 bones)

mandible (1) vomer(1) - nose
maxillae (2) inferior nasal conchae (2) - nose
nasal (2) palatine (2) -nose
zygomatic (2)
lacrimal (2)

auditory ossicles (6 bones)

sound transmission
- malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2)

hyoid bone

assist in swallowing , does not articulate with any other bone, it attaches muscles of tongue, neck and pharynx

vertebral column

general structure of vertebrae

vertebrae

33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column.

how much structure of vertebrae

7 processes
1 spinous
2 transverse
2 superior
2 inferior
articular processes (their facets; sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae)
- arch is composed of 2 laminae and 2 pedicles

laminae

between spinous and transverse process

pedicles

body to transverse process

vertebral foramen

for spinal cord

body (centrum)

thick anterior region

cervical region

7 vertebrae (c1-C7)

transverse foramen

runs through each transverse process, it is for vertebral arteries, veins, and nerves

transverse process

one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs

atlas (c1)

no body or spinous process articulates with skull (occipital condyles) allows flexion and extension of neck (yes nod)

occipital condyles

unique bony structure connecting the cranium and the vertebral column

axis (c2)

knoblike dens (odontoid process) on body projects superiorly, articulating with the atlas, also creates pivot (swivel) joint, allowing a no shake

odontoid process

a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck

c3-c7

'typical' vertebrae

thoracic region

12 vertebrae (t1-t12)

thoracic of spine

posses long, slender spinous processes, body and transverse processes have costal facets

costal facets

articulation with ribs

lumbar region

5 vertebrae (L1-L5)

lumber of spine

large thick bodies; short, heavy spinous processes, provide support for the upper body; limited rotation

sacrum

5 fused vertebrae which articulates with ilium and 5th lumbar vertebrae

coccyx

3-5 but mostly 4 fused vertebrae (tailbone)

intervertebral foramen

lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae
- exit hole for spinal nerves

spinal nerves

mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery

curvature of the spinal column

"S shape" lateral view

cervical and lumbar sections

concave posteriorly (convex anteriorly)

thoracic and sacrum sections

convex posteriorly (concave anteriorly)

scoliosis

lateral bend of spinal column

kyphosis

an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column
- extensive dorsal thoracic curve (hunchback)

lordosis

an abnormal inward curvature of the vertebral column
lumbar curve (sway back)

thoracic cage

'bony thorax'
- protective cage around vital organs of thorax
attachment point for muscles of the neck, back, chest, and shoulder

sternum

"breast bone:"

sternum three bones

manubrium: superior
body: middle
diploid process: inferior

how many ribs does each have

female have 12 pairs men have....

ribs

articulate posteriorly with corresponding thoracic vertebra

superior rib

7 pairs of true ribs, directly attach anteriorly to sternum from the costal cartilage

costal cartilage

hyaline

inferior

5 pairs of false ribs,
-8 to 10 attach to sternum indirectly from costal cartilage of rib 7
- rib 11 and 12 not attached to sternum (floating ribs; embedded in muscle)

appendicular skeleton

upper and lower limb girdles; 126 bones

pectoral girdle

a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached

pectoral girdle: 1) clavicle

collar bone
- articulates with manubrium and acromion process
- connects axial and appendicular skeleton

manubrium

the broad upper part of the sternum

acromion

the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade

pectoral girdle: 2) scapula

'shoulder blades'

scapula: a) spine

runs along posterior surface

scapula: b) acromion process

articulates with clavicle

clavicle

bone linking the scapula and sternum

scapula: c) glenoid fossa

scapula: d) coracoid process

attachment points for chest and upper arm muscles

pelvic girdle

paired (os coax) or hips

pelvic girdle fused bone

ilium (superior)
ischium (inferior)
pubis (anterior)

pelvic girdle: 1) sacroiliac

synovial joint between sacrum and ilium

pelvic girdle: 2) pubic symphysis

cartilaginous joint uniting the anterior medial os coxae (between pubic bone)

pelvic girdle: 3) acetabulum

points of fusion between the three coal bones
- synovial ball and socket joints for head of femur

femur

the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton; extends from the pelvis to the knee

cartilaginous

of or relating to cartilage