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What is the skeleton divide into
axial and appendicular portions
axial skeleton
skull, hyoid, vertebral column, and thorax
how many bones does the axial skeleton have
80 bones
cranial bones (8 bones )
surrounds the brain frontal (1) ethmoid (1) sphenoid(1) parietal (2) temporal(2) occipital (1)
facial bone (14 bones)
mandible (1) vomer(1) - nose maxillae (2) inferior nasal conchae (2) - nose nasal (2) palatine (2) -nose zygomatic (2) lacrimal (2)
auditory ossicles (6 bones)
sound transmission
malleus (2), incus (2), stapes (2)
hyoid bone
assist in swallowing , does not articulate with any other bone, it attaches muscles of tongue, neck and pharynx
vertebral column
general structure of vertebrae
vertebrae
33 individual bones that interlock with each other to form the spinal column.
how much structure of vertebrae
7 processes 1 spinous 2 transverse 2 superior 2 inferior articular processes (their facets; sites of articulation with adjacent vertebrae)
arch is composed of 2 laminae and 2 pedicles
laminae
between spinous and transverse process
pedicles
body to transverse process
vertebral foramen
for spinal cord
body (centrum)
thick anterior region
cervical region
7 vertebrae (c1-C7)
transverse foramen
runs through each transverse process, it is for vertebral arteries, veins, and nerves
transverse process
one of two processes that extend from each vertebra and provide the point of articulation for the ribs
atlas (c1)
no body or spinous process articulates with skull (occipital condyles) allows flexion and extension of neck (yes nod)
occipital condyles
unique bony structure connecting the cranium and the vertebral column
axis (c2)
knoblike dens (odontoid process) on body projects superiorly, articulating with the atlas, also creates pivot (swivel) joint, allowing a no shake
odontoid process
a toothlike process at the back of 2nd vertebra of the neck
c3-c7
'typical' vertebrae
thoracic region
12 vertebrae (t1-t12)
thoracic of spine
posses long, slender spinous processes, body and transverse processes have costal facets
costal facets
articulation with ribs
lumbar region
5 vertebrae (L1-L5)
lumber of spine
large thick bodies; short, heavy spinous processes, provide support for the upper body; limited rotation
sacrum
5 fused vertebrae which articulates with ilium and 5th lumbar vertebrae
coccyx
3-5 but mostly 4 fused vertebrae (tailbone)
intervertebral foramen
lateral openings between adjacent vertebrae
exit hole for spinal nerves
spinal nerves
mixed nerves that interact directly with the spinal cord to modulate motor and sensory information from the body's periphery
curvature of the spinal column
"S shape" lateral view
cervical and lumbar sections
concave posteriorly (convex anteriorly)
thoracic and sacrum sections
convex posteriorly (concave anteriorly)
scoliosis
lateral bend of spinal column
kyphosis
an abnormal backward curve to the vertebral column
extensive dorsal thoracic curve (hunchback)
lordosis
an abnormal inward curvature of the vertebral column lumbar curve (sway back)
thoracic cage
'bony thorax'
protective cage around vital organs of thorax attachment point for muscles of the neck, back, chest, and shoulder
sternum
"breast bone:"
sternum three bones
manubrium: superior body: middle diploid process: inferior
how many ribs does each have
female have 12 pairs men have....
ribs
articulate posteriorly with corresponding thoracic vertebra
superior rib
7 pairs of true ribs, directly attach anteriorly to sternum from the costal cartilage
costal cartilage
hyaline
inferior
5 pairs of false ribs, -8 to 10 attach to sternum indirectly from costal cartilage of rib 7
rib 11 and 12 not attached to sternum (floating ribs; embedded in muscle)
appendicular skeleton
upper and lower limb girdles; 126 bones
pectoral girdle
a skeletal support to which the forelimbs of vertebrates are attached
pectoral girdle: 1) clavicle
collar bone
articulates with manubrium and acromion process
connects axial and appendicular skeleton
manubrium
the broad upper part of the sternum
acromion
the outermost point of the spine of the shoulder blade
pectoral girdle: 2) scapula
'shoulder blades'
scapula: a) spine
runs along posterior surface
scapula: b) acromion process
articulates with clavicle
clavicle
bone linking the scapula and sternum
scapula: c) glenoid fossa
scapula: d) coracoid process
attachment points for chest and upper arm muscles
pelvic girdle
paired (os coax) or hips
pelvic girdle fused bone
ilium (superior) ischium (inferior) pubis (anterior)
pelvic girdle: 1) sacroiliac
synovial joint between sacrum and ilium
pelvic girdle: 2) pubic symphysis
cartilaginous joint uniting the anterior medial os coxae (between pubic bone)
pelvic girdle: 3) acetabulum
points of fusion between the three coal bones
synovial ball and socket joints for head of femur
femur
the longest and thickest bone of the human skeleton; extends from the pelvis to the knee
cartilaginous
of or relating to cartilage