Immunology Antibodies, T cells, & Interactions

Extra CH domain

Extra CH domain

What part of IgE do mast cells bind to?

3

Papain can split the Ig molecule into ___ different fragments of about equal size.

1. Shingrex

2. Zostavax

What are 2 vaccination options for Herpes Zoster infections?

Zostavax

What herpes zoster vaccine contains a live, weakened form of the chickenpox (varicella) virus?

Shingrix

What herpes zoster vaccine is NOT a whole weakened form of the virus but instead, contains a surface-sitting protein and 2 adjuvants?

Shingrix

Which herpes zoster vaccine has a higher protective effect after 4 years?

72

Shingles symptoms can be eradicated if treated within _____ hours.

shingles

What infection is shown in the image?

50 & older

At what age can the shingrix vaccine be given?

2 doses

How many doses make up the shingrix vaccine?

Shingrix

Which shingles vaccine is preferred by doctors--Shingrix or Zostavax?

2

If you have already had Zostavas, you should receive ____ doses of Shingrix.

True

True/False: You will not need Zostavax or Shingrix if you have had the chicken pox vaccine.

herpes zoster ophthalmicus

What condition is shown in the image?

1. Fever

2. Myalgia

3. Chills

   Yes

What are the 3 main side effects of Shingrix? Is this worse than the Zostavax side effects?

NSAIDs

What medication can be taken to alleviate side effects associated with the Shingrix vaccine?

Fc portion

What portion of the antibody determines the biological activity of the antibody?

soluble; globulins; adaptive

Antibodies are (insoluble/soluble) proteins made of amino acids that circulate freely and contribute to immunity. They belong to a class of proteins called __________ and are important to the (innate/adaptive) immune response.

True

True/False: Antibodies can be either membrane bound or secreted.

plasma cells

What type of cells secrete antibodies?

Fragment Antigen Binding

What does the “Fab” portion of the antibody mean?

Fab portion

What portion of the antibody is specific to a particular antigen?

Fragment Crystallizable

What does “Fc” portion mean?

constant; hypervariable

The Fc portion of an antibody is also known as the _____ region. The Fab portion of an antibody is also known as the ___________ region.

1. Neutralization of toxins (i.e. animal bite)

2. Immobilization of microorganisms

3. Precipitation followed by phagocytosis

4. Activation of complement

5. Placental cross (i.e fetal protection)

What are the 5 main functions of the Fc portion of an antibody?

1. Fab portion

2. Fc portion

3. Light chain

4. Disulfide chain

5. Heavy chain

Identify regions 1-5 in the image of the antibody structure.

1. Serum electrophoresis

2. Bence Jones proteins

3. Papain

What are the 3 ways in which the structure of antibodies were figured out?

serum electrophoresis

What form of solving antibody structure used electric field to separate the different parts of the antibody?

urine

Homogenous proteins produced by patients with multiple myeloma during Bence Jones proteins testing

Bence Jones proteins

What test is useful for the determination of antibody light chain structures?

Papain

Proteolytic enzyme discovered to split Ig molecule at the hinge region

1. Fab portion

2. Fab portion

3. Fc portion

What are the 3 fragments produced from papain enzyme?

Fc

During the use of papain, the _____ portion cannot bind the antigen and is responsible for biological activity post-antigen binding.

1. Fab portion

2. Fc portion

3. Interchain disulfide bonds

4. Intrachain disulfide bonds

5. Light chain hypervariable region

6. Light chain

7. Heavy chain

8. Heavy chain hypervariable region

9. hinge region

10. Complement binding region

Identify the following structures of the antibody.

pepsin

The use of ____ enzyme resulted in 2 Fab connected structure and the dissolving of the Fc portion into smaller fragments.

pepsin

What enzyme is indicated by number 1 in the image and results in the fragments presented on the right side?

mercaptoethanol

In figuring out antibody structure, what was used as a disulfide bond breaker that splits Ig into 4 chains?

2 identical light chains & 2 identical heavy chains

What 4 chains does Ig split into when using mercaptoethanol?

disulfide bond

What type of bond holds together the light chains and heavy chains?

hinge region

At what part of the antibody does papain split the immunoglobulin?

1. Kappa

2. Gamma

What are the 2 classes of light chains that are present in antibodies of most species?

1. Protein sequence

2. Carbohydrate content

3. Size

4. Constant regions of heavy chains

What are the 4 distinguishing features of heavy chains?

1. IgG

2. IgA

3. IgM

4. IgE

5. IgD

What are the 5 different isotopes/classes of antibodies?

nature of the heavy chains

What determines the difference between the 4 different isotopes of antibodies?

1. IgA

2. IgG

Which 2 antibody types have subclasses?

Interchain disulfide bonds

What type of disulfide bonds occur between heavy and light chains?

Intrachain disulfide bonds

What type of disulfide chains occur within heavy and light chains, causing loops?

IgG

_____ field domains form interchain disulfide bonds.

Fab chain

What type of chain is considered to be a variable chain?

Fc chain

What type of chain is also known as a constant chain?

Between CH1& CH2

Between what chains is the hinge region formed?

heavy

The hinge region is located on (heavy/light) chains.

1. Cysteine

2. Proline

What amino acid residues are present at the hinge region?

Ig flexibility

What does the hinge region permit?

Interchain disulfide bond

What type of chain is indicated by the blue circle?

Intrachain disulfide bond

What chain is indicated by the red circle?

Isotypes

-Immunoglobulin variant that allows for different biological responses due to differences in constant regions

-IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, IgM

Alloptypes

-Immunoglobulin variant that is based on genetic differences of members of the same species

-differences due to different alleles of same constant region gene

Idiotypes

Immunoglobulin variant that has differences due to rearrangement of VH and VL encoding genes within a given isotype

1. Membrane-bound antigen receptor on B cells

2. Secreted proteins

In what 2 form do antibodies exist?

Membrane-bound antigen receptors

What form of antibodies recognize antigens to start B cell activation?

Secreted proteins

What form of antibody is present in the blood and mucosal secretions and eliminates microbes and other toxins in humoral immunity?

IgG

Most common Ig in blood, lymph fluid, CSF, peritoneal fluid

15

IgG makes up _____% of total body protein.

2; 2

How many heavy chains does IgG contain? Light chains?

4

How many subclasses does IgG contain?

IgG

Which antibody is the workhorse and is the most versatile Ig?

IgG

What Ig had the longest half life?

IgG

What antibody isotype is the best for passive immunization?

precipitated

Phagocytes can rid antigens easier once __________.

precipitate; agglutinate

Soluble antigens (agglutinate/precipitate) while insoluble antigens (agglutinate/precipitate).

IgG

What antibody passes through the placenta to transfer immunity from mom to fetus?

IgG

What antibody is responsible for hemolytic disease of the newborn?

Fc portion

On what part of the IgG antibody do phagocytes attach to?

opsonization

Preparation of antigen before being “eaten” by macrophages

Fc portion

Natural killer cells interact with what part of the antibody of IgG?

IgG

What immunoglobulin is responsible for activation of complement, neutralization of toxins, immobilization of bacteria, and neutralization of viruses?

anti-toxin

To neutralize toxins, injection of an _______ can be used to block the active sites of the toxin.

passive

The injection of anti-toxin is a form of (passive/active) immunization.

IgG

What immunoglobulin reacts with flagella and cilia causing them to clump and immobilize the bacteria?

IgM

What immunoglobulin has the highest molecular weight of all Ig’s?

5; J; 5; 10

IgM has ____ basic Ig units. The __ chain is the connector. IgM has __ binding sites for the antigen but has _____ Fab segments.

antigen-specific

IgM is an ______________ B cell receptor.

IgM

What immunoglobulin is present on the surface of mature B cells along with IgD?

IgM

What is the first Ig produced following immunization or infections?

IgM

What Ig the first line of humoral defense against bacteria?

IgM

Elevated levels of what immunoglobulin indicates recent infection or exposure to an antigen?

IgM

Which immunoglobulin is the best at activating complement?

membrane attack complex

Activation of complement leads to activation of what cell that can attack bacteria?

IgG

Comparing IgM and IgG, what immunoglobulin is highest in the secondary response against T-dependent antigens?

IgM

Comparing IgM and IgG, what immunoglobulin is highest in the primary response against T-dependent antigens?

IgM; congenital or perinatal infection

What immunoglobulin is synthesized by the fetus at about 5 months? Elevated levels of this Ig indicate what?

IgM

What immunoglobulin is an efficient agglutinator and involves isohemagllutinins?

Isohemagglutinins

Naturally occurring antibodies against the RBC antigens of the ABO blood groups

Type O

What blood type has antibodies to A and B antigens?

1. Serum

2. Secretions

What are the 2 structural forms of IgA?

IgA

What antibody has no known biologic function?

dimer

Secratory IgA is mainly in the structural form of a _______.

monomer

The serum form of IgA is in the structure form of a ________.

J chain

What chain joins the 2 four-chained units of IgA?