Module 4 Cartes | Quizlet

to overhaul

revise, improve, reconstruct

to gain momentum

to grow stronger, become popular

to follow suit

to do the same thing as someone else

to tap into a market

to find a particular group of people who might buy something and use this to your advantage

to suffer a setback

a problem that delays or that stops progress or makes a situation worse

to reverse a trend

make a trend move to the opposite direction.

to fall short of

fail to reach a target

to get a foothold in a market

a secure position, esp. a firm basis for further progress or development

in real terms

taking into account inflation

drought

a long period without rain

flood

an overflowing of water in a normally dry area

think tank

a body of experts providing advice and ideas on specific political or economic problems.

to relocate

to move a business to another place/country

to outsource

to use outside suppliers and manufacturers to produce goods and services

moral hazard

a problem that arises when people don't have to bear the negative consequences of their actions

to have a comparative advantage

when a company or country can produce something at a lower cost than anyone else

standard of living

the degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community.

to compound a problem

to make a problem worse

to avert a catastrophe

to prevent a disaster from happening

shareholder model

an organization's overriding goal should be profit maximization for the benefit of shareholders

stakeholder model

management's most important responsibility is not just maximizing profits, but the firm's long term-survival.

to meet targets / objectives

to achieve goals

to affect

have an effect on; make a difference to.

utopian

idealistic or visionary, usually used to describe a perfect society

obesity

having an excess amount of body fat

to vary

to differ

to overcome problems

to have the ability of managing a problem

emerging economies

developing countries that over the past two or three decades have begun to develop a strong industrial base, such as Brazil, Mexico, ...

economies of scale

a proportionate saving in costs gained by an increased level of production.

sweatshop

a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.

staples

basic or necessary items that are available almost everywhere such as rice, bread, potatoes, ...

to deregulate

to reduce or remove regulations

to enhance

to improve

to lower

reduce/take the level down

to lead by example

to act in a way that shows others how to act

vehicle

a means of carrying or transporting something

to default on a loan

to fail to pay back a loan

mortgage

A loan to purchase a home or other real estate

greenhouse effect

situation in which heat is retained in Earth's atmosphere by carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor, and other gases

drawbacks

disadvantages

to melt

change from a solid to a liquid

to cap emissions

to limit emissions

race to the bottom

a dynamic in which states compete to attract business by lowering taxes and regulations, often to workers' detriment

greenwashing

A practice in which companies promote their products as environmentally friendly when in truth the brand provides little ecological benefit.

to deplete resources

to decrease/use up resources (épuiser)

depletion

reduction in the number or quantity of something

free trade

the movement of goods and services among nations without political or economic barriers

invoice; verb: to invoice

bill

+to clear the backlog

to catch up on uncompleted work

to lag behind

to move or develop more slowly than others

watchdog

an organisation or group who acts as a protector or guardian

fast fashion

ultra-fast supply chain operations that focus on consumer demand of fashion goods

to rally

to renew strength; to recover

to spike

to undergo a sudden sharp increase

to bottom out at

to stop getting worse and begin to improve again

to damp (to dampen)

to diminish in intensity

to slide, slid, slid

to slip, to fall

to level off/out

to stop going up or down and continue at the same height

to sink, sank, sunk

to go down

steadily (adv)

constantly, continuously

viable

practicable, capable of developing

track record

the previous successes or failures of a product, person, or organization

red tape

complex rules and procedures; too much bureaucracy

to cause a backlash

produce a strong negative reaction

resilience

the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

eventually

in the end, finally

to flout

to disobey intentionally, to disregard

to shrink, shrank, shrunk

become or make smaller in size or amount

to tap

to use, to exploit

barrier

something that blocks the way; an obstacle

to power

to supply with energy

populous

having a large population

degrowth

The idea that because capitalist-driven growth is not indefinitely sustainable on a finite planet, we should be thinking hard about what a society could look like that allows people to thrive while not relying on growth.

pursuit

the act of chasing or seeking

in the wake of

after something has happened, often as a result of it

to ensure sth

make sure sth happens

proxy

substitute

to urge

to try to persuade strongly

Universal Basic Income (UBI)

a concept that provides all citizens of a specific area or country with a set sum of money on a regular basis to provide for their essential needs

core

the central part, main

accurate

correct in all details; exact.

to perceive

to understand, know, become aware of

to peak

to reach the highest point

to go mainstream

to become well-known and accepted

to pledge

to make a serious promise

poverty

the state of being poor

scarcity

the limited nature of society's resources

ageing population

the average age of the population is increasing

inequality

relationship between quantities that are not equivalent

unemployment

the state of not having a job

migration

movement from one country or region to another

carbon tax

a fee that the government charges polluters for each unit of greenhouse gas they emit

reshoring

moving foreign production and jobs back to domestic location

to write off a debt/an investment

to cancel a debt. This means the person owing the money no longer has to pay it.

microfinance

provision of small loans and other financial services to individuals and small businesses in developing countries

fair trade

trade in which fair prices are paid to producers in developing countries.

organic products

refers to products that are produced using ingredients that have been grown without pesticides, herbicides or genetic modification

to sort waste

to arrange waste according to type.

road pricing

a direct charge for the use of a road space

a congestion charge

the amount of money you have to pay each day to drive into a city centre in order to reduce traffic