IB HISTORY SEMESTER REVIEW

Prescribed Content for Causes of War

-Political, Economic, Territorial, Ideological, and other causes
-Short-term & long-term causes

Types of Wars

Civil War, War b/t States, or Guerrilla War

Prescribed Content for Practices of War

-Technological developments
-air, naval and land warfare
-extent of the mobilization of human and economic resources
-influence and/or involvement of foreign powers

Prescribed Content for Effects of War

-peacemaking: successes and failures
-Political impact: short-term and long-term
-Territorial changes
-Economic, social and demographic impact;
-changes in the role and status of women

Prescribed Content for Emergence of Authoritarian States

-Conditions in which states emerged: economic factors, social division, impact of war, weakness of political system
-Methods used to establish authoritarian states: persuasion and coercion, role of leaders, ideology, use of force, propaganda

Prescribed Content for Consolidation & Maintenance of Power

-Use of legal methods, use of force, charismatic leadership, dissemination of propaganda
-Nature, extent and treatment of opposition
-The impact of the success and/or failure of foreign policy on the maintenance of power

Prescribed Content for Aims & Results of Policies of Authoritarian States

-Aims and impact of domestic economic, political, cultural and social policies
-The impact of policies on women and minorities
-Authoritarian control and the extent to which it was achieved

Shia

The second largest sect within Islam, believed that Muhammad's son-in-law and cousin Ali should be the Caliph

Sunni

Largest sect within Islam, accept only the descendants of the Umayyads (Muslim Dynasty) as the true rulers of Islam

Caliph

A supreme political and religious leader in a Muslim government, successor to Muhammad

Imam

A leader of prayer in a mosque, absolute infallible leaders of the Islamic community after the Prophet

Ayatollah

A religious leader among Shiite Muslims, used as a title of respect especially for one who is not an Imam

Mullah

A Muslim learned in Islamic theology and sacred law; sometimes function the way our mayors do

Middle Eastern nations in conflict due to Sunni/Shia Divide

Syria, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, Bahrain

Majlis

Unicameral 290 member legislative body, held in check by Council of Guardians

Assembly of Experts

Group that nominates and can remove the Supreme Leader, elected by the general electorate, almost all its members are clerics

Guardian Council

Vets electorate and Parliament, determines who is qualified to run for office, half of its members are appointed by the Supreme Leader

Supreme Leader

The country's most powerful political leader who has control over military, sets foreign/domestic policy, controls media, and sets half of the guardian council membership

Vilayet y Faqih

System of governance that has underpinned the way Iran operates since the country's 1979 Islamic Revolution, justifies rule of clergy over state

1979 Constitution

Current Constitution set in place after the 1979 Revolution- set up the current theologically oriented government of Iran

Qajar Dynasty

Ruling dynasty of Persia from 1794-1925, began to fall and was eventually taken over by Reza Khan

Cossack Brigade

An elite horse cavalry formed in 1879 in Iran (originally put together by imperial Russia), only consistently effective military unit of Qajar Dynasty, Shah Reza Kahn was an officer and Cossacks played major role in the formation of the Pahlavi Dynasty

Rezah Shah Pahlavi

Iranian military officer, politician, and first shah of the House of Pahlavi and father of the last shah of Iran. He reigned from 15 December 1925 until he was forced to abdicate by the Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran on 16 September 1941

1921 Military Coup

Pahlavi led 3,000 men to Tehran and arrested many prominent politicians, in 1923 he became prime minister

Reza Shah's style of leadership

Reza Shah ruled with an iron fist - Free press, workers' rights, and political expression were restricted and limited under his government, but he brought peace to the nation

Example: Khorasan Mosque Massacre (1936) - 100+ killed

Reza Shah's social reforms

Secularized Iran, modernized its dress and culture - served to somewhat alienate the masses and the lower-level clergy in Iran

Reza Shah's economic reforms

Trans - Iranian Railroad constructed in 1938, improved industries, education, and health care

D'Arcy Concession

a petroleum oil concession that was signed in 1901 between William Knox D'Arcy and Mozzafar al-Din, Shah of Persia, gave D'Arcy the exclusive rights to prospect for oil in Persia

Rise of Reza (Khan) Shah

Joined the Cossack Brigade at an early age and Rose to colonel, then once Qajar dynasty was overthrown manipulated the Majlis to gain authority

1933 Oil Concession

Reza Khan renegotiated its original agreement with the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company that reduced land Britain controlled and increased Iran's oil profits to 20% of the annual revenue

Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC)

The British company that owned most of the Oil in Iran and got most of the money from Iranian Oil, excluded Iranians from the skilled jobs and were not allowed to examine financial records, caused resentment towards international powers and the shah, later became BP

Reason for Abdication of Throne in 1941

Reza Shah Pahlavi grew close with Hitler, Britain and the USSR feared that Germany would use Iran as a base to attack from and forced him to abdicate in 1941

Analyze

Break down in order to bring out the essential elements or structure.

Compare

Give an account of the similarities between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

Compare and Contrast

Give an account of similarities and differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

Contrast

Give an account of the differences between two (or more) items or situations, referring to both (all) of them throughout.

Discuss

Offer a considered and balanced review that includes a range of arguments, factors or hypotheses. Opinions or conclusions should be presented clearly and supported by appropriate evidence.

Evaluate

Make an appraisal by weighing up the strengths and limitations.

Examine

Consider an argument or concept in a way that uncovers the assumptions and interrelationships of the issue.

To What Extent

Consider the merits or otherwise of an argument or concept. Opinions and conclusions should be presented clearly and supported with appropriate evidence and sound argument.

Continuity

While much of the study of history concentrates on how and why society changes, in many ways this only has meaning if we understand what has not changed. It is therefore important to find and understand what does not change during a period of history. For example, knowing about the elements of Tsarist Russia that were maintained after the Bolshevik revolution helps us understand that revolution more fully.

Change

Inherent in the study of history is the attempt to understand how and why change happens. IB History encourages you to make judgments on the extent of change, as well as the processes that both brought about the change and those forces that opposed it.

Causation

Central to the study of history is the desire to understand why events in the past happened. This is an incredibly complex task as most events are the result of diverse and interconnected sets of actions. Some developments or actions were more significant than others in explaining why events happened, and as students of history we need to be able to make judgments about which of these are more important and substantiate these claims with evidence.

Consequence

One of the reasons we study history is to try to know how the past influences subsequent events in order to get a better understanding of how our present society functions. In other words, what are the long and short-term effects of a key event?

Significance

The study of history is more than listing the events of the past. Historians must make judgments on what events, actions, and records are more important than others in studying an aspect of history. We must constantly ask why some events and explanations are considered more meaningful than others.

Perspective

Historical narratives, judgments, and explanations can differ according to who is experiencing them. A complete view of the past, or at least as complete as we can get, requires that we examine it from multiple viewpoints. How do these views compare? These can be individual views or the viewpoints of groups (i.e. minorities or women). Furthermore, these viewpoints often work together to form a more complete understanding of a historical event. For example, depending on the viewpoint, an event or action may be viewed as hugely significant or totally insignificant. Likewise, the consequences of an event may be looked at differently depending on the view of the groups involved.

Ulama

Muslim religious scholars, from the ninth century onward, the primary interpreters of Islamic law and the social core of Muslim urban societies

Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi

Shah of Iran from 1941 to 1979, who maintained a pro-Western foreign policy and fostered economic development in Iran, son and predecessor of Reza Shah, started white revolution

SAVAK

Pahlavi's secret police who arrested and tortured opponents of the Shah, including members of the media and religious groups

White Revolution

Policy of reforms enacted by Reza Shah, beginning in 1963, to rapidly modernize and Westernize Iran, included building factories, enhancing industry, and increasing women's rights and education

National Resurgence Party

Created in 1975 when Mohammad Reza Shah eliminated the two-party system and introduced this single political party in Iran, ushered in harsh totalitarian rule full of arrests, censorship, and systematic torture in prisons

Why religious elite disliked White Revolution

It increased women's rights, including women's suffrage, and increased public education, taking money away from the religious sector, who would normally educate peasants in exchange for money

Persepolis (1971)

Elaborate 5-day celebration of the 2500th anniversary of the founding of the Iranian monarchy, involved construction of an entire city, highway, and airfield, cost $600 mil and flaunted Iran's wealth in the faces of its poor peasants

Black Friday (1978)

Thousands on Jaleh Square for a religious demonstration
On September 7th, Shah declared martial law, Iranian troops fired on the crowd, killing 64 - 100 (media reported as 15k), served as a turning point in the Iranian Revolution

Ettelaat Letter

In January of 1978 a slanderous article appeared in the state sponsored newspaper, Ettela'at, suggesting Khomeini was a homosexual and a British agent. The next day, clerics in Qom protested and the police demanded they disperse. When they refused, police opened fire and at least twenty people were killed

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini

Shi'ite philosopher and cleric who led the overthrow of the shah of Iran in 1979 and created an Islamic republic, became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation—until his death

Cassette Tape Revolution

Recorded lectures and sermons of Ayatollah Khomeini were smuggled into and circulated in Iran during Khomeini's exile, distributed by a network of former students in Iran who rose to positions of prominence in the Iranian religious establishment during the 1960s and 70s

Vilayet e-Faqih

In 1971 a series of Khomeini's lectures became the basis for this book and the new Constitution of Iran after the 1979 Revolution. In this book, Khomeini called for the creation of an Islamic government that would mobilize the population to overthrow the shah's monarchy

Khordad 15 Uprising (June 5, 1963)

Iranians protested the arrest of Ayatollah Khomeini by publicly denouncing the Shah, Israel, and the US. The Shah violently repressed the demonstration, resulting in dozens of deaths. Khomeini called this the start of the revolution, made it a national day of mourning

Rex Cinema Fire

4 men locked the doors of the Rex Cinema, then set it on fire, resulting in the deaths of around 400 people, who perpetrated the incident has been hotly debated - between the Shah and the Religious sect, the fire is seen as a key point in the revolution

Operation Eagle Claw

US Military operation attempting to rescue 52 American Hostages from the US Embassy in Tehran, Iran on April 24, 1980 that was aborted when three helicopters that were part of the operation were damaged and forced to return to the carrier by a sandstorm. 8 US servicemen died

Saddam Hussein

President of Iraq from 1979 to 2003. Waged war on Iran in 1980-1988. In 1990 he ordered an invasion of Kuwait but was defeated by United States and its allies in the Gulf War (1991). Defeated by US led invasion in 2003

Algiers Agreement (1975)

In return for Iran ending its support for the Kurdish separatists within Iraq, Iraq dropped its claims to Khuzestan and conceded that the border between Iran and Iraq along the Shatt al-Arab Waterway belonged partially to Iran.

This normalized relations between Iraq and Iran but was regarded as a setback by Saddam Hussein. After consolidating his power at home and defeating the Kurds, he was determined to regain the lost ground at the earliest opportunity. Shortly before invading Iran in September 1980 Saddam renounced this.

Shatt al-Arab waterway

This waterway divided Iran and Iraq and was important to both countries for their oil exports, It was Iraq's only outlet tot the sea

Khuzestan

Oil-rich Iranian region that is the lowland extension of the alluvial floodplain east of the Tigris River and the Shatt al-Arab, located between the Zagros Mountains and the Iraqi border

Kurdish Independence

Kurds are the largest ethnic group in the world not to have their own state, make up about 15% of the Iraqi population, and a large amount of Iraqi oil is located in a Kurd-majority area, their desire for an independent Kurdistan brought them into conflict with Saddam

Human-wave assaults

Using many "single-use" soldiers to overwhelm enemy lines, often at the cost of heavy casualties. Religious sect urged young men to join the army, tying "keys to heaven" around their necks and telling them that their sacrifice would lead them to paradise

1982 Ceasefire

In May 1982 Iranian forces recaptured Khorramshahr. Iraq voluntarily withdrew its forces from all captured Iranian territory soon after and began seeking a peace agreement with Iran

Impact of foreign influence on outcome of war

US, Britain, France, and West Germany supply of arms, intelligence, and finance to Iraq, and the "War of the Tankers," in which both sides attacked each other's oil tankers and merchant ships hoping to damage their opponent's trade, resulted in Iraq's military superiority

Impact of chemical warfare on outcome of war

Iraqi military used both mustard and tabun nerve gas. The UN team's visit to Iran in March 1986 found that Iraqi chemical weapons use was more extensive than in 1984, and that the Iraqi military relied heavy on mustard gas, with some nerve gas used as well

Long-term causes of 1979 Revolution

Sunni-Shia divide, Kurdish Independence, Exporting the Islamic Revolution, Western Involvement + War of the Tankers

Short-term causes of 1979 Revolution

Shatt al-Arab Waterway, Khuzestan, Algiers Agreement, Assassinations of Ba'athist Party Members

Impact of Holocaust and DPs from WWII on Palestine Mandate

Holocaust increased international sympathy for worldwide community of Jews, swiftly increasing amount of DPs increased intensity of situation and influenced British decision to give Jews more land

Brichah

Means flight or rescue, also called the Bericha Movement, was the underground organized effort that helped Jewish Holocaust survivors escape post-World War II Europe to the British Mandate for Palestine in violation of the White Paper of 1939

Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry

Recommendations: admission of 100,000 displaced Jews, the annulment of the Land Transfer Regulations restricting Jewish purchasing of Arab land set forth by White Paper of 1939 and that Palestine shall be neither a Jewish state nor an Arab state

Impact on Palestine Mandate: policy placed a limit of allowing 75,000 more Jews into Palestine (by 1949) after which Jewish migration was to be terminated. An independent state in Palestine with an Arab majority was to be established by 1948. In response to the White Paper, land sales to Jews were severely restricted by a 1940 law

Exodus 1947

Ship that carried Jewish immigrants that left France in 1947 the intention was to go Palestine, they were holocaust survivor refugees who had illegal immigration, certificates to Palestine, the British royal navy seized ship and deport all of the passengers back to Europe

Yishuv

Jewish community in Palestine which created many conflicts with the Arabs already living there

World Zionist Organization

Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state

Jewish National Fund

Substantial fund to buy and develop land in Ottoman Palestine for Jewish settlement that Herzl set up through fundraisers in 1901

Jewish Agency

Organization set up under the Palestine Mandate to work with Britain toward the Jewish national home, later charged with aiding Jewish immigration and absorption into Israel

Haganah

Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s, military wing and core of IDF

Irgun

A Jewish terrorist group that organized attacks on Palestinians and the British during its mandate

Lehi (Stern Gang)

From an acronym meaning "fighters for the freedom of Israel," it was a militant Zionist group with the express intent of evicting British forces by force in order to allow unrestricted Jewish immigration and the formation of a Jewish state, twice tried to form an alliance with the Nazis during WWII, believing they were a lesser evil than Britain

King David Hotel Bombing

The King David Hotel was the site of the British military command and the British Criminal Investigation Division, Irgun chose it as a target after British troops invaded the Jewish Agency June 29, 1946, and confiscated large quantities of documents, bombed it - last straw for British, caused them to pull out of Palestine

Ernest Bevin

British foreign secretary (secretary of state) in late 1940s,

Bevin's Palestine policy was based on two premises:
first, he felt that since the vast majority of the Middle East population was Arab, nothing should be done against their will, lest this set the Arab world against Great Britain and the West in their global struggle with the U.S.S.R. and Communism

second, he believed that Palestine could not essentially solve the Jewish problem as Jews should continue residing in Europe and contributing to its welfare

UNSCOP Majority Proposal

Suggested the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab state with an economic union between them, with Jerusalem constituting a corpus separatum falling under a special international regime

UNSCOP Minority Proposal

Supported the formation of a single binational state made up of autonomous Jewish and Palestinian areas

UN Resolution 181

1947 UN Security Council agreement that called for the partition of Palestine into Arab and Jewish states, with the city of Jerusalem as an international city, accepted by Jews, rejected by Arabs

Jewish Response to UNSCOP proposal and UN 181

The Jewish Agency expressed support for most of the UNSCOP recommendations, but emphasized the "intense urge" of the overwhelming majority of Jewish displaced persons to proceed to Palestine

Arab Response to UNSCOP proposal and UN 181

The Arab Higher Committee argued that only an Arab State in the whole of Palestine would be consistent with the UN Charter

Al-Nakba

Arabic for "the catastrophe," 1947-49 war in which Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Jordan attacked the newly-formed nation of Israel

Status of Jewish and Arab Palestinians before civil war

Jewish: 600K population, mainly men, highly motivated, better economic power, more organized on national level

Arabs: 1.3 million population (40 million in surrounding Arab nations), lack of leadership, very little unity/coordination between forces

Plan D

AKA Plan "Dalet," intended to take control of the Jewish state by destroying empty Palestinian villages during first Arab-Israeli war. Allegedly forced people out of their villages. Meant so that people would have nowhere to return to

Deir Yassin

Impact on Israel's expansion of territory: conquering of land outside borders, quasi-expansion of state through settlement

New Historian view: Make argument that Deir Yassin was ethnic cleansing designed to eradicate and clear land of Arabs
Old Historian view: Portray conflict as more of a battle than a massacre, say that Arab propaganda dramatized it

May 14, 1948

The day Israel proclaimed itself an independent Jewish state

Impact of 1st truce on outcome of 1948 War

It was to last 28 days, and the observers were to ensure that no side would gain military advantage during this period by purchasing additional weapons, IDF took advantage of this time to reorganize the army, give basic and more rigorous training to its men as materiel arrived from Europe (particularly Czechoslovakia)

Count Folke Bernadotte

UN mediator sent to Palestine
Peace Plan:
- Give Negev back to Arabs
- Jerusalem remains under UN Control
- "Right of return" guaranteed for 300K displaced Palestinians (no return of land/houses

How Peace Plan was received by Israel: rejected, LHI assassinated him the day after the proposal of his plan

Controversy about King Abdullah's role in and outcome of 1948 War

Abdullah held secret meetings with the Jewish Agency (at which the future Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir was among the delegates) that reached an agreement of Jewish non-interference with Jordanian annexation of the West Bank, Israeli victory, partial Jordanian victory

Reasons Arab armies had a difficult time defeating Israel

Commanded by British officers, division existed between Arab forces

Israeli view of 1949 General Armistice Agreements

Cease-fire lines = International borders, agreements gave Israel an absolute right to cease-fire, binding on both regulars and irregulars