clep practice exam

What does the 'family life cycle' refer to?

A series of stages families go through over time

What does a nuclear family include?

Parents and their children

What does cohabitation refer to?

Living together without being married

What is secularization?

Decline in religious influence

Which theory focuses on family as a site of power struggles?

Conflict

What does religion as a social institution do?

Organizes beliefs and practices around the sacred

What is dramaturgy in sociology?

Viewing social life as a theatrical performance

What does material culture include?

Physical objects created by society

According to labeling theory, when does deviance arise?

When a person is identified and treated as deviant

What does the life course approach consider?

How social roles change over a person's life

What does a bureaucracy include?

Hierarchy and written rules

When does role conflict occur?

When expectations for one status clash with another

What does Cooley's 'looking-glass self' mean?

We form our self-image by imagining how others see us

What is recidivism?

The tendency of a released prisoner to reoffend

What is an example of a folkway?

Saying 'thank you' to a cashier

How is deviance defined?

A violation of social norms

What does resocialization involve?

Adopting new norms in a new environment

What is one dysfunction of bureaucracy?

Alienation

What is a status?

A recognized position in society

What does cultural lag refer to?

When nonmaterial culture falls behind technological advances

Who developed the strain theory of deviance?

Robert Merton

What does white-collar crime involve?

Nonviolent crime committed by professionals

What does social structure refer to?

The organized pattern of relationships in society

What is nonmaterial culture?

The intangible aspects of culture, like values and norms

What does Mead's 'generalized other' refer to?

Internalized expectations of society

What does formal social control include?

Laws and regulations

What is an example of a primary group?

A close-knit family

What is groupthink?

A phenomenon where members suppress dissent to maintain harmony

What is an agent of socialization?

A peer group

What is a secondary group typically like?

Goal-oriented and impersonal

Who is associated with symbolic interactionism?

Erving Goffman

Who is often credited with coining the term sociology?

Auguste Comte

What was an early focus of sociology?

Social stability

According to Karl Marx, what primarily drives history?

Class conflict

What best illustrates symbolic interactionism?

Eye contact patterns between strangers

How is a theory best described in sociology?

A conceptual framework for understanding society

What is most important for making a study repeatable?

Clear research methods

Which theory is most closely associated with conflict theory?

Karl Marx

What do conflict theorists emphasize?

Inequality and power imbalances

What principle requires researchers to protect participants from harm?

Do no harm

What best describes the purpose of theory in sociology?

Explanation

What is the purpose of sociological research?

To gather evidence and test ideas about society

What method is used when a sociologist conducts a structured interview?

Survey

How does the conflict perspective view society?

As a competition for limited resources

What do sociological theories typically explain?

Patterns of human behavior

Why are theories important in sociology?

They help explain and interpret patterns in social behavior

What metaphor do functionalists use to describe society?

A living body

What do symbolic interactionists focus on?

Small-scale social interactions

What would a conflict theorist most likely study?

The impact of wealth on political access

According to functionalists, what do institutions in society do?

Work together to maintain stability

How would a breakdown in social institutions be viewed by functionalists?

As a threat to societal stability

Who is considered upper class in the U.S.?

CEOs and investors

What does segregation refer to?

Physical or social separation of groups

What is an example of genocide?

Systematic extermination of a group

What is assimilation?

Adoption of dominant culture

Which country would be considered a 'core' nation?

United States

What is a stereotype?

A generalized belief about a group

What is institutional discrimination?

Built into laws or policies

In Marx's theory, who are the bourgeoisie?

The owners of the means of production

What does scapegoat theory suggest?

People blame others for their problems

What is an achieved status?

College graduate

What does the 'graying of America' refer to?

An aging population

What does relative poverty refer to?

Being poor in comparison to others in society

What does the term 'working poor' refer to?

People who have jobs but still live in poverty

How does world systems theory categorize countries?

Core, periphery, and semi-periphery

Which perspective argues that racism helps maintain dominance?

Conflict

What do conflict theorists argue about stratification?

It benefits the powerful at others' expense

What is most likely to lead to upward mobility?

Higher education

What does prejudice refer to?

Prejudgment based on group membership

In dependency theory, what do poor nations do?

Rely on and are exploited by rich nations

What does 'race' refer to in sociology?

Socially defined physical traits

How is a caste system described?

A closed, hereditary system

What is neocolonialism?

Economic domination without direct control

Who introduced the term 'life chances'?

Max Weber

What does global stratification refer to?

Inequality between nations

What best defines 'ethnicity'?

Shared cultural heritage

Which of the following is a pull factor for immigration?

Job opportunities

Which type of social movement is most radical?

revolutionary

Redlining is

Denying services based on neighborhood racial makeup

The demographic transition model tracks

Changes in birth and death rates

A push factor in migration is

political instability

What is a megacity?

An urban area with over 10 million people

Which sociologist is known for studying urban life?

Georg Simmel

High population growth typically occurs in:

Less industrialized nations

A social movement is:

An organized effort to bring about change

Which communities are most often affected by environmental hazards?

Low-income and minority groups

What does the hidden curriculum in education refer to?

Unspoken values and expectations

Charismatic authority relies on:

Personal appeal and devotion from followers

Which theory sees family as maintaining stability in society?

Functionalist

What does the term boomerang generation refer to?

Young adults returning to live with parents

What is endogamy?

Marrying within one's social group

Credentialism refers to:

Emphasis on degrees and formal qualifications

Which perspective sees religion as reinforcing social cohesion?

Functionalist

Which sociologist studied impression management in family life?

Erving Goffman

What is traditional authority based on?

Long-standing customs

A social institution is best defined as:

An organized system that meets societal needs

Capitalism is characterized by:

Private ownership and profit

What characterizes mixed economic systems?

A combination of market and government control

Which of the following is a function of social institutions?

Structuring behavior and roles

Functionalists view education as:

A system that socializes young people