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progressive era
1901 - 1914
ww1
1914 - 1919 (1917 onwards)
jazz era
1919 - 1929
the great depression era
1929 -1932
the new deal era
1932 -1939
ww2
1939 - 1941
progressivism
usually middle class, educated white people whom wanted to change the social and political landscape, expose corruption and increase worker and women rights, as well as bring social welfare
triangle shirtwaist factory fire
1911, clothing factory had fire break out. workers (most female) could not escape due to locked doors to prevent “theft”. 146 workers died. led to 30 health and safety laws being created
muckrackers
journalists whom would expose exploitative and corrupt behaviour in society. upton sinclair was one example, who, through his novel “the jungle” (1906), explored working conditions within factories. muckrackers brought attention to poor, unsanitary and dangerous working conditions, which would result in many laws being employed.
meat inspection act and pure food and drug act 1906
regulating food industry, stop consumers from getting sick.
sherman antitrust act 1890
break up monopolies and trusts that industrialists would deploy. the standard oil company was one example of a busted trust. employed again once teddy roosevelt in office.
women’s suffrage
led to the creation of the 19th amendment (women able to vote) and also contributed to the ratification of prohibition
trust busting
43 trusts busted by teddy roosevelt throughout his presidency. revived sherman antitrust act in 1902
us joining ww1
german u-boats sinking merchant ships would result in woodrow wilson declaring war 2nd april, 1917.
selective service act 1917
conscription within us
sedition act
restricting freedom of speech, cannot make negative comments about government during ww1.
league of nations
us denied joining the league of nations due to isolationist beliefs. wanted to have no link to foreign affairs.
wilson’s 14 points
in summary: free travel and commerce internationally, while also maintaining safety and security within all member nations. diplomacy and democracy, peace and security.
us after ww1
largest producer of manufactured goods worldwide. by 1922, us was experiencing a large economic boom (gross national product now $30 billion greater than before)
welfare capitalism
employees provided by employers with housing and education to promote productivity within the workforce. henry ford known for utilising this practice.
access to electricity
2/3 of homes connected to electricity by 1930. rural areas still unable to access technology, as well as poverty-stricken people
government in 1920s
taxes on industrialists low, against unions, high tariffs.
cars in america
more cars being manufactured in us than any other nation. car industry propelled by henry ford through assembly line (mass production). gave women more freedom.
the flapper
departure from the traditional “woman”, expressing her youth, liberty and freedom. commonly were associated with prostitutes but brought great social change to women. popularised with silent comedy film “Flapper”.
women working
29% of married women in paid workforce. more in sales and office jobs.
rise of advertisements
cosmetics and hygiene products advertised throughout 1920s, hygience becoming more important and socially wanted. $3 billion spent on advertising in 1929 alone.
stock market
buying with credit on margin. depended solely on believing prices would continue to rise. many americans invested in dodgy scams though, on business shares with no products.
entertainment and leisure
expenditure inceasing by 300% in the 1920s on entertainment and leisure goods and services. due to work hours decreasing and tech advancement within workforce.
radio
5 million americans by end of 1920s had a radio.
movies and film
40-90 percent of americans went to movies weekly. first talkie released 1927, “The Jazz Singer“.
jazz
evolvution from african american music, became popular with white people. performed usually at clubs, speakeasies, etc.
harlem renaissance
black creatives came together in a movement with promoted black cultural history and achievements. this was in hope of civil rights.
the rise of celebrities
clara bow - epitome of the flapper
amelia earhart - seen as an idol to young girls/women
red scare
36000 strikes across america in 1919. seen as a socialist / communist uprising within america. these people on strike wanted unions.
red summer
black soldiers hoped for more civil rights after ww1, but discrimination still continued. black people faced unjust assault and inequality.
immigration restriction act
quota on how many immigrants could come from each nation. set temporarily in 1921 and then became legislature in 1924. quota was reduced to 2% with act in 1924.
resurgence of the ku klux klan
in 1920, kkk numbers began to rise again. between 1920 and 1925, membership estimated at 5 million during its peak. promoted WASP. targetted jews, catholics, african americans and immigrants. usually tarred, feathered, mutilated or lynched these groups. began to decline by 1924.
pluralism
the idea that people regardless of origin, class, religion etc can live together in harmony while not assimilating to each other’s beliefs.
nativism
the idea of keeping america “america”, in which one believes immigrants should be kept out to continue inhabitant bloodlines without interference.
prohibition
ratified 17th jan 1920. in which the distribution and manufacture of alcohol was banned all across the us. resulted from kkk, women’s suffrage. believed drinking was bad due to immigrant influence, resulted in poor morality in men, working environments unsafe.
bootleggers
people whom would illegally bring in alcohol and redistribute it. this also included production of alcohol.
gangsters
rising of organised crime within america. had syndicates for producing and distributing wine. one infamous gangster was al capone, notorious for not wanting any competition and full dominance over the illegal industry.
standard oil company
one of the notorious trusts (that was busted)
american tobacco
notorious trust in gilded age
smoot-hawley act 1930
increase in tariffs (more expensive to receive imports and send out exports).
federal farm board
attempt to help farmers during the great depression. only resulted in more overproduction.
nineteenth amendment (1919)
women now able to vote
underwood-simmons act (1913)
reduce in tariffs
federal reserve act
control over banks and dodgy practises.
WASP
white anglo-saxon protestant
increase in big business, decrease in small business
big businesses consuming smaller businesses. decrease in competition in the free market.
consumerism
increase in purchasing of goods and services within the economy. the idea that one buys more than is necessary. promoted throughout the 1920s.
revenue act 1926
reduced taxes on both poor and rich. led to increased amounts of unequal income distribution.
RRR
relief, recovery, and reform.
relief for the unemployed and the poor, recovery of economy back to normal, and reform of the financial system.
AAA - Agricultural Adjustment Act
created to aid farmers. increase farm produce scarcity so prices would rise. 84% increase in prices of wheat, farm income increase by 50% (1932 - 1933).
CCC - civilian conservation corps
work program that boosted the environment, while also employing millions of americans (1.6 million put back into employment). ran from 1933 - 1942.
CWA - civil works administration
designed to provide work to a large quantity of people throughout america. provided immediate relief. construction and infrastructure repair. employed 4 million people at its peak.
FERA - federal emergency relief administration
provide immediate relief in the form of financial assistance. food programs, shelter, camps, cash payments to unemployed. over 20 million aided with fera’s contributions. was seen as unsustainable in the long run though.
HOLC - home owners’ loan corporation
gave out loans to home owners at low interest rates to allow them to continue paying off their mortgages. resulted in the refinancing of 800,000 mortgages.
NRA - national recovery association
ensure businesses paying their employees fairly and consumers were charged decent prices for these goods and services. union membership grew due to this. impacted working conditions of 22 million workers.
PWA - public works administration
employing and creating new jobs for the unemployed industrial workers. built houses, bridges and roads. did boost big business though. 8 million positions for employment.
TVA - tennessee valley authority
supply electricity to rural areas. build damns to stop flooding, and in the process of this employ more people.
WPA - works project administration
aided unskilled unemployed peoples. built public buildings, dams, parks. in today’s money, all money paid as wages to people would be $112 billion.
new deal impact on capitalism
argued that it brought less entrepreneurship, innovation and invention.
more government regulation of market.
decrease on tariffs
more competition
allowance of unions
women becoming more involved
social and economic regulation
african americans within the progressive era
scientific racism abundant in society - discrimination
progressivism did not try and support african americans, rather excluded them.
strong racism in the south
literary tests introduced, which disenfranchised african americans
formation of the NAACP, remove jim crow laws and give african americans full rights
african americans within ww1
generally they supported the war. had high hopes afterwards that they’d be rewarded and accepted into society (spoiler alert, they weren’t).
2 million african americans served in the war.
were slowly accepted into the workforce, but textiles industries fully banned them.
triggered the great migration in hope of work and economic prosperity.
african americans within jazz era
their music / culture evolved and popular within bars and speakeasies. slow white exposure to their culture.
still segregated even when allowed to perform.
red summer : veterans subject to unjust treatment / assaults.
26 race riots broke out.
harlem renaissance : black creatives banded together to express their culture.
no racial equality in north nor the south.
rise of the kkk resulted in more violent acts against african americans such as lynchings.
african americans within great depression / new deal
african americans ‘’banded’’ together with other marginalised groups to support the democratic party.
were generally put last in terms of aid within the great depression, white americans always were put first.
theodore roosevelt inauguration
14th september 1901
woodrow wilson inauguration
4th march 1913
calvin coolidge inauguration
4th march 1925
herbert hoover inauguration
march 4th 1929
franklin delano roosevelt inauguration
march 4th 1933
start of ww2
1 sept 1939
fair labour standards act 1938
min wage, max hours per week
social security act 1935
supply pensions to those unable to work (elderly, disabled, etc).
bank holiday
fdr shut down banks, only allowed to reopen when they are able to provide to people sufficiently.
causes of the great depression
usa as a creditor nation - loans to western countries like britain and germany.
speculative investment - people buying stocks / shares on margin.
agricultural decline - farmers not being supported, are in debt and due to dust bowl, unable to produce any crops.
stock market crash - everyone and banks lost their money.
credit card debt - everyone in the consumerist period they were in used credit to buy everything. there was no cap on the debt one could fall into.
increase in big business, decrease in small business - big businesses consuming smaller ones. less competition.
high tariffs (smoot-hawley act of 1930). expensive to bring in imports and send out exports
unequal distribution of income - rich getting richer, poor getting poorer (especially with revenue act of 1926).
consequences of different social groups within great depression
political:
democratic party now more in favour with the public.
republican party disgraced (this would carry on for decades).
economic:
industrialists asked to cooperate with workers at first (did not). government had more control over what they did.
workers were disadvantaged before new deal. unemployed, struggling with poverty. began to be supported after new deal implementations.
farmers given more support and prices rose for their produce after AAA.
social:
immigrants were blamed, were not given much help and were put last.
women had the urge to work more due to poverty and financial struggle.
like immigrants, african americans nor native americans were helped and were put last, but collectively all minorities supported the democratic party.
dollar diplomacy
increase trade with other nations
federal reserve act
economic stability
16th amendment
taxes on income
17th amendment
decreased tariffs
america gdp decrease with great depression
26% decrease in gdp from 1929 - 1933
business and bank situation in great depression
26000 businesses wiped out, 600 banks shut down.
SEC - security exchange comission
improved people confidence in banks. oversaw stock market and other markets.
FDIC - federal insurance deposit commission
insured deposits, people ensured that their money is safe and therefore increasing people confidence in banking system.
abolishment of prohibition
fdr choice to increase gov tax revenue (also because it was a shit law).
production increase with new deal
43% production increase.
henry ford production
introduced mass production (assembly lines). produced 1/3 of cars worldwide. provided significant boost for the economy. also supplied aircraft for ww1 war efforts.
women during new deal
750,000 women working in work programs. also eleanor roosevelt paving the way for women.
urban workers during new deal
unions allowed. work programs like ccc, cwa, pwa, wpa. also fair labour standards act and nra to help worker rights.
hepburn act
government control over railroad rates.
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Flashcard (138)