Bug Final Lecture Exam (all combined content)

Classification of Insects from Domain to Class

Domain: Eukaryota (organelle surrounded by membrane)

Kingdom: Animalia

Bilateria (bilaterally symmetrically animals)

Ecdysozoa (animals that molt between development stages)

Phylum: Arthropoda

Hexapoda (with six legs)

Class: Insecta

Arthropod

bilaterally symmetrical; exoskeleton; 2-3 body regions; paired; jointed appendages; hemocoele with dorsal heart; ventral nervous system

Exoskeleton

external skeleton aka hardened integument

Cuticle

non-living; more than 50% proteins

Epicuticle

waxy, waterproofing, outermost layer

Procuticle

25-50% chitin linked with proteins to form glycoprotein complex; made up of the exocuticle and endocuticle

Exocuticle

sclerotizes, hard and rigid

Endocuticle

thickest layer, soft and flexible

Epidermis

living cellular layer; one cell thick; produces the cuticle and assists in creating the basement membrane

Basement membrane

Supportive layer that separated exoskeleton from hemolymph

Sclerite

hard, sclerotized (process of getting hardened) plate on insect exoskeleton

Suture

inward folding of the exoskeleton

Endoskeleton

Apodemes-inflection in exoskeleton

Apophysis-peg or finger-like apodeme

Phragma-extensive, flange-like, especially in the thorax, deeper

Setae

“hairs” consisting of three cells

1. Trichogen cell (hair)

2. Tormogren cell (socket)

3. Nerve cell (usually included)

Spine

rigid, multicellular outgrowth of cuticle

Spur

movable, multicellular outgrowths of cuticle

Apodemes

inflection in exoskeleton

Made up of apophysis and phragma

Apophysis

peg or finger-like apodeme

Phragma

extensive, flange-like, especially in the thorax, deeper

Setae

Epicuticle

Exocuticle

Endocuticle

Epidermis

Basement Membrane

Procuticle

Sclerite

Suture

Spine

Spur

Phragma

Apophysis

Primary segmentation

visible as grooves

Found in embryonic, some insect larvae

muscles attached within a given metamere (basic building block of a body segment)

Secondary segmentation

allows for rigidity without loss of movement

Found in many immature insects, most adults

Antecosta = primary intersegmental fold, ridge where muscles attach

Muscles now attached between “secondary” segements

Antecosta (antecostal suture)

primary intersegmental fold, ridge where muscles attach

Intersegmental fold

ridge where muscles attach

Tagmosis

evolutionary process of grouping

Tagma = a division

Homology (=similarity of structure due to commonality of origin)

Serial homology (= homologous structures on different segments of an individual)

Metamere

primitive body segment

Bear a single bear of outgrowths (= podites; pod-foot, ie-little)

Podite

bear a single bear of outgrowths

Rempel & Others’ Head Formation Theory

6 metameres

-Prostomium (=acron)

-Metamere 1 (Labral segment)

-Metamere 2 (Antennal segment)

-Metamere 3 (Intercalary segment)

-Metamere 4 (Mandibles)

-Metamere 5 (Maxillae)

-Metamere 6 (Labium)

Snodgrass’ Head Formation Theory

4 metameres

-Prostomium (already w/ antennae)

-Metamere 1 (2nd antennae of Crustacea)

-Metamere 2 (Mandibles)

-Metamere 3 (Maxillae)

-Metamere 4 (Labium)

Compound eye (2)

Obvious eyes; used for typical seeing and perception

Ocelli

(0-3) used to sense light, found on top of the head, relative location to the moon/sun

Antenna

(0-2 pairs)

Scape (with intrinsic musculature)

Pedicel (usually with Johnston’s organ) (with intrinsic musculature)

Flagellum (w/o intrinsic musculature except for Collembola and Diplura)

Mandible

primarily used for biting, chewing, and manipulating food

Maxilla

keeps food in, sensory organs, taste, chemical perception, helps them to know if what they’re eating is good

Labium

bottom jaw

Maxillary palps

serve primarily as sensory organs for touch and taste

Labial palps

serves primarily as sensory and feeding organs

Hypopharynx

tongue, manipulates food

Salivarium

saliva

Labrum

top lip

Anterior tentorial pit

provides a point of attachment for muscles and supports the mouthparts

Cervical sclerites

two hardened patches on the side of the neck for protection/flexibility

Cervix

neck; softer and more flexible

Clypeus

sits above the labrum, secondary top lip

Frons

sits above Clypeus (forehead), front of the face

Gena

cheek, sits above the mandible and below the eyes

Subgena

above mandible and below gena

Vertex

on top of the head

Compound eye

ocelli

antenna

scape

pedicel

flagellum

Mandible

maxilla and maxillary palps

Labium and Labial palps

hypopharynx

labrum

anterior tentorial pit

cervical sclerites

Clypeus

frons

gena

subgena

vertex

Filiform Antenna Type

Basic type; tubes

Moniloform Antenna Type

string of beads

Clavate or Capitate Antenna Type

have a club on the end (termites, butterfly)

Serrate Antenna Type

little teeth on antennae

Pectinate Antenna Type

fingers

Flabellate Antenna Type

long feathery, fin

Geniculate Antenna Type

has an elbow on it (ants, wasps)

Plumose Antenna Type

plums, fluffy

Aristate

have one large flagellomere with one feather coming off of it

Filiform

Moniloform

Clavate or Capitate

serrate

pectinate

Flabellate

Geniculate

Plumose

Aristate

Sucking mouthpart modifications

Labrum: flat piece on the top

Mandible, hypopharynx, maxilla, etc. come together to create a strawlike, sucking mouthpart

Combination mouthpart modifications

highly modified hypopharynx → used to suck up liquid

Galea-unqiue to bees, see it when their tongue is out

Mandible-unmodified

Maxilla and palps are highly modified

Lapping mouthpart modifications

Labellum-goes around the labrum, labium, and hypopharynx

(Flies are able to sponge up their food and the food canal is made up of the hypopharynx)

Label all of the sucking mouthparts