Speech Production and Disorders

These flashcards cover key vocabulary and concepts in speech production and disorders, useful for exam preparation.

Communication

An exchange of meaning between a sender and a receiver.

Speech

The oral expression of language, involving the mechanical aspects of planning and producing sounds.

Language

A socially shared code or conventional system for representing concepts through arbitrary symbols.

Phoneme

A speech sound that causes a change in meaning; can be a vowel or consonant.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

An alphabet with special symbols used to represent the sounds of speech.

Vowels

Speech sounds produced with an open vocal tract, classified by height and tongue placement.

Diphthong

Vowels produced in close proximity to each other, 'sliding' from one vowel to another.

Consonants

Speech sounds produced with significant blockage or narrowing in the vocal tract.

Plosives

Consonants where airflow is completely blocked and then abruptly released.

Fricatives

Consonants where airflow is constricted, producing a hissing sound.

Affricates

Consonants that are both plosives and fricatives, completely blocked and then gradually released.

Liquids

Consonants produced with a gap between the tongue and roof of the mouth.

Glides

Consonants with a small amount of constriction between articulators.

Nasals

Consonants produced with the velum open, allowing resonance in the nasal cavity.

Place of Articulation

The location in the vocal tract where a consonant sound is produced.

Bilabial

Produced with both the upper and lower lips in contact.

Labiodental

Produced with the upper teeth in contact with the lower lip.

Dental

Produced with the tongue tip in contact with the back of the upper teeth.

Alveolar

Produced with the tongue tip in contact with the alveolar ridge.

Palatal

Produced with the body of the tongue in contact with the hard palate.

Velar

Produced with the back of the tongue against the velum.

Glottal

Produced with constriction at the glottis.

Voicing

Refers to whether vocal folds vibrate during the production of a consonant sound.

Coarticulation

The overlapping of sounds, where the production of one sound is influenced by its neighboring sounds.

Prosody

The patterns of stress, pitch, intensity, intonation, and rhythm in speech.

Articulation Disorders

Difficulty producing sounds leading to mispronunciations.

Phonological Disorders

Impairments in understanding and implementing the rules of sound organization.

Delay vs. Disorder

Delay: typical articulation errors seen in younger children; Disorder: rare errors in normally developing children.

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Grapheme

The smallest unit of writing, a letter or character.

Orthography

The conventional spelling system of a language.

Vowel Physiology

The physiological aspects involved in producing vowel sounds.

Monophthongs

Single vowel sounds.

Voiced Consonants

Consonants produced with vibrating vocal folds.

Unvoiced Consonants

Consonants produced without vocal fold vibrations.

Cognates

Pairs of consonants where one is voiced and the other is voiceless.

Syllable

A unit of pronunciation containing a vowel sound with or without surrounding consonants.

Articulators

Structures used to produce speech sounds, including the tongue, lips, and palate.

Canonical babbling

Babbling that includes a variety of consonant-vowel combinations.

Variegated babbling

Babbling featuring different consonants and vowels.

Speech Sound Disorder

Any combination of difficulties with perception, motor production, and representation of speech sounds.

Bell's Palsy

A motor-based disorder affecting facial movements and speech.

Developmental Stuttering

A common fluency disorder occurring in childhood.

Chronic Stuttering

Stuttering that persists beyond typical developmental stages.

Neurogenic Stuttering

Stuttering resulting from neurological conditions.

Psychogenic Stuttering

Stuttering that occurs in specific, often stressful, circumstances.

Cluttering

A fluency disorder involving a rapid rate of speech and unclear articulation.

Assessment of Speech Disorders

Evaluating the nature and severity of speech disorders using standardized tests.

Stuttering Severity Instrument

A widely used standardized test for measuring stuttering severity.

Treatment of Speech Disorders

Strategies and interventions for improving speech clarity and fluency.

Fluency Shaping Therapy

A treatment that encourages smoother speech production.

Stuttering Modification Therapy

A technique teaching individuals to change how they stutter.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

Treatment focusing on changing negative thoughts about stuttering.

Parent Centered Treatment

Focus on educating parents to facilitate fluent speech in children.

Fluency Enhancing Techniques

Methods used by caregivers to promote effective speech.

Speech Intelligibility

How easily a speaker's words can be understood by a listener.

Syllable Shape

The arrangement and structure of syllables in speech.

Phonotactic Rules

Rules governing the permissible combinations of sounds in a language.

Articulatory Positions

The specific positions of articulators used to produce speech sounds.

Contrastive Sound Pairs

Pairs of sounds used in phonological therapy to highlight differences.

Elicitation Techniques

Methods used to help individuals produce specific speech sounds.

Speech Samples

Recorded utterances used for assessing speech disorders.

Communication Disorders

Difficulties in understanding or producing speech.

Secondary Behaviors of Stuttering

Counterproductive adaptations developed to cope with stuttering.

Circumlocutions

Strategies used to avoid stuttering by describing or replacing words.

Cancellations

Deliberate pauses or stops during speech to manage stuttering.

Pull-outs

Technique used to ease through difficult words during stuttering.

Preparatory Sets

Strategies used before speaking to enhance fluency.

Mindfulness Techniques

Practices used to increase awareness and reduce anxiety related to stuttering.

Motivation in Therapy

The importance of encouraging positive attitudes towards speaking.

Variability in Speech Development

Individual differences in acquiring speech sounds.

Comorbidity in Speech Disorders

The occurrence of multiple disorders affecting speech.

Speech Motor Planning

The process of organizing and coordinating muscle movements for speech.

Home Practice Techniques

Activities designed for use outside therapy to reinforce speech skills.

Self-Monitoring Strategies

Techniques for individuals to observe and control their own speech.

Language Acquisition Stages

Sequential phases through which children learn to produce speech.

Feedback Mechanisms in Speech

Systems in place for adjusting speech production in response to errors.

Speech Sample Analysis

Reviewing recorded speech to identify patterns and issues.