urinary systems

Nephrons

Functional units

Stimulated amount of nephrons

1-1.3 millions

Another term of Glomerular Capsule

Bowman’s Capsule

Glomerular Capsule

A cup-shaped enlargement of the kidney tubule, first filtering unit.

2 linked capillary beds

Glomerulus, peritubular capillaries

2 main parts of the nephrons

Renal corpuscle, renal tubule

Renal corpuscle

This is where filtration begins

Renal tubule

After being filtered, fluid passes through

Glomerulus

Ball of capillaries where blood enters

Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PRT)

Tube where most nutrients reabsorbed

Loop of Henle

Tube that creates conentration gradient

Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)

Tube that regulates ions, and etc.

Fenestrated Capillaries

Openings (fenestrae) within endothelial cells

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

90-120ml/min

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

filtrate out of glomerulus

Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure (GHP)

Pressure pushing inside the glomerulus

Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP)

Pulling force

Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure

Pushing against filtration

Formula of NFP

NFP=GHP-(BCOP+CHP)

Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA)

Monitor filtrat composition and blood flow

2 types of collecting ducts

Principal cells, intercalated cells

Principal cells

Controls movement of NA and K+

Intercalated cells

Regulate blood pH

Hyperosmotic

Water is reabsorbed more, urine is concentrated

Hypoosmotic

Less water is reabsorbed, urine becomes diluted

Renin

Enzymes produced by juxtaglomerular cells

Angiotensinogen

Hormone precursor

Aldosterone

(Salt-retaining hormone) cause increased of Na, also causes greater loss of k+

Antidiuretric hormone (ADH)

Promotes water recovery, increasing blood colume and blood pressure

Also called as vasopressin

Antidiuretic hormone

Natriuretic hormones

Stimulate to excrete sodium (opposite of aldosterone)

Released when Bv and BP are too high

Natriuretic hormone

Low calcium

Hypoxia # adults = osteoporosis, kids = rickets

Erythropoietin

Production of RBC