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choropleth map
thematic map that uses colors or shading to represent quantifiable data
dot map
thematic map that uses dots representing value in its approximate location
graduated symbol map
thematic map that uses symbols proportional in size to the actual value of the data
isoline map
thematic maps that connects areas of equal value with lines
absolute location
describes the location of a place in terms of characteristics that never change
relative location
the location of a place in relation to other places
site
the physical characteristics of a place
situation
the location of a place in relation to its surroundings
clustered
agglomeration, grouped, nucleated, clumped, concentrated
dispersed
distributed, scattered, spread out
uniform
evenly spaced
random
no disconcernable pattern
latitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on the globe from west to east
longitude
the numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on the globe from north to south
map projection
takes the spherical shapes of the earth and displays it on a flat surface
distortions
shape, size, direction, distance, location
smaller scale
map with more land area and less detail
larger scale
map with less land area and more detail
conformal projections
preserve shapes of land features at the expense of distorting their true size
equal-area projections
distort oceans to preserve size of the landmasses
mercator projection
preserves shapes but distorts size
galls-peter projection
preserves size but distorts shape
robinson projection
preserves size and shapes of continents but distorts polar areas
goodes projection
interrupted projection which removes much of the oceans to preserve size and shape of land masses
geographic information systems (GIS)
a computer system that collects, stores, analyzes, and displays geographic data in layers
remote sensing
information gathered from satellites orbiting the earth
distance decay
the farther away one place is from another, the less interaction they will have with each other
time-space compression
the reduction of time it takes for something to get from one place to another
flow
how different places interact
globalization
the process where something goes worldwide
sustainability
actions that provide immediate benefits while also preserving resources for future use
land use
changing the earth's surface for a specific purpose
environmental determinism
outdated and simplistic concept that claims physical environment determines cultural attributes of human societies
possibilism
newer concept that claims physical environment does still shape our way of life to a certain extent, but humans have technologies to overcome physical limitations
scales of anaylsis
local: community/neighborhood
national: country/nation
regional: parts of a country or parts of the world
global: world
region
an area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features
formal region
regions where there is a unifying physical or human characteristic
functional/nodal region
regions organized around a center of activity
perceptual/vernacular region
regions defined differently by each person's own perceptions
ecumene
the portion of earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement
carrying capacity
the maximum number of people who can be sustained by the geography of an area
density
the number of people in a space
arithmetic density
the number of people per square mile or per square kilometer
physiological density
the number of people per unit of arable land
agricultural density
the number of farmers per unit of arable land
distribution
the spatial spread of people in a space
concentration
the extent of a feature's spread over space
age structure
the proportion of the total population in each age group
sex ratios
the number of males per 100 females in a population
population pyramids/age-sex structures
a bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex
crude birth rate (CBR)
the total number of live births in an area for every 1,000 people alive
total fertiliy rate (TFR)
the average number of children a woman will have in her childbearing years
crude death rate (CDR)
the total number of deaths in one year per 1,000 people
infant mortality rate (IMR)
how many babies under one year of age die in each year compared to live births
natural increase rate (NRI)
the percentage growth of a population in a year (CBR-CDR)
population doubling time
the number of years needed to double a population
demographic transition model (DTM)
stage 1: low growth
stage 2: high growth
stage 3: moderate growth
stage 4: low growth
stage 5: negative growth
endemic
disease that stays local
epidemic
disease that spreads through a region
pandemic
disease that spreads through regions
epidemiological transition model
stage 1: pestilence and famine
stage 2: receding pandemics
stage 3: degenerative diseases
stage 4: delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
stage 5: reemergence of infectious disease
thomas malthus
german economist who first raised alarm that population growth would outpace food production
neo-malthusians
people who still ascribe to mathus' ideas
natal
relates to the time and place of one's birth
pro-natalist policies
seek to promote births
anti-natalist policies
seek to restrict births
ravenstein's laws of migration 1
gender patterns: women are more likely to move internally within a country and most international migrants are young males
ravenstein's laws of migration 2
youth and migration: most migrants are young adults seeking employment
ravenstein's laws of migration 3
short distances: people typically only move as far as they must
ravenstein's laws of migration 4
steps: when migrants travel far distances they typically do so in steps
ravenstein's laws of migration 5
countermigration: each migration flow in one direction will produce a counter flow in the opposite direction
ravenstein's laws of migration 6
rural to urban: the most prominent migration pattern historically and globally today
ravenstein's laws of migration 7
urban areas: cities are places of opportunity and migrants that move long distances will typically go to large urban areas
gravity model
hypothesis that more people will be attracted to large cities even if they are far away
dependacy ratio
the number of people who are under 15 or over 65
census designated place
unincorporated area outside a county's jurisdiction
push factors
negative situations, events, or conditions in a place where a person currently lives that causes them to want to leave
pull factors
positive situations, events, or conditions in a place that draw people to a new destination
intervening obstacle
negative circumstances or features that hinder migration
intervening opportunity
positive circumstances or features that hinder migration
immigrants
people entering a country or other political subdivision
emigrants
people leaving a country or other political subdivision
refugee
a person who is forced to migrate to a different country because of a negative situation
asylum seekers
refugees who seek protection from another country
internally displaced persons (IDP)
a person who is forced to migrate because of a negative situation but does not cross international borders
quotas
limits on the number of immigrants admitted from certain countries
transnational migration
when migrants leave their country of origin and enter another country
transhumance
migration where livestock are led to highland areas in summer months and lowland areas in winter months
internal migration
permanent move within a country
interregional migration
migration from one region to another
intraregional
movement within a region
chain migration
migration where there is some type of relationship with a previous migrant
step migration
where there is a series of starts and stops during the migration journey
guest workers
temporary migrants who often have legal permission to migrate for work or education
brain drain
large scale emigration by talented people
forced migration
migrations where people have no choice but to leave
voluntary migration
migrations due to attractive conditions in the receiving country
culture
the shared practices, technologies, attitudes, and behaviors transmitted by a society
cultural hearth
a place where an idea, innovation, or civilization was born
material culture
made up of things people make and often give value to
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