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To what extent was the radical republican plan for reconstruction radical?
The radical republican plan wanted to punish the southern states harshly while also giving freedoms and rights to African Americans. Their plan was met with resistance by Andrew Johnson and other democrats
what did radical republicans believe?(include example of radical republican)
radical republicans like Thaddeus Stevens believed that African Americans should have been given property and rights and by doing so, they would prosper
what did republicans think about the radical reconstruction plan?
Republicans like Andrew Johnson disagreed with the plan. for example, he disagreed with the freedman’s bureau which he believed was too expensive and unnecessary. he also believed that freeing the slaves was good enough.
what was the freedman’s bureau?
The freedman’s bureau was a government agency that helped former slaves after the civil war. It provided them food, medical care, land, and education
the 14th amendment
made all people born on U.S. soil citizens including african americans it also said that slaveowners would not repaid for losing their “property”(slaves)
the 15th amendment
gave african americans the right to vote, however many loopholes were found to prevent this from happening like requiring poll taxes and literacy tests
to what extent were African Americans protected by the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments? What forces shaped freed people’s lives during reconstruction and the latter 19th century?
the 13th-15th amendments granted African Americans citizenship, the right to vote and individual freedoms, however there were loopholes that allows practices that essentially brought back slavery. Black codes restricted their rights, sharecropping, debt peonage, and convict leasing were all examples of unfair systems of labor that mistreated workers and made it nearly impossible for them to succeed.
The 13th amendment
abolished slavery, but slaveowners found loopholes through debt peonage, convict leasing, and sharecropping
robber baron
wealthy industrialists who manipulated markets, safeguarded monopolies, and mistreated their workers
horizontal integration
when a company merges with its competitors to reduce competition
vertical integration
a company that takes ownership over multiple stages of its supply chain
The Civil rights act of 1866
An act that protect the rights of all people in the U.S. It was vetoed by Andrew Johnson, but it was overridden by congress
were late 19th century industrial magnates captains of industry, without whom this country could not have taken its place as a great industrial power, or were they robber barons, limiting healthy competition and robbing the poor to benefit the rich?
These robber barons helped transform the united states and grow the economy. They introduced new technologies business models, philanthropy, and created millions of jobs due to their success. On the other hand, their workers were paid low wages, were exploited and treated harshly. Robber barons also bribed politicians and practiced lobbying to gain favorable policies. There also remained a large divide between the wealthy who were extremely rich and the working class who lived in poverty.
Andrew Carnegie
Worked in the steel industry, used vertical integration, was a philanthropist and believed that the wealthy should reduce poverty and help society
John D Rockefeller
founded the standard oil corporation, used horizontal and vertical integration along with ruthless methods to reduce competition that caused controversy
J.P. Morgan
investment banker who bought and sold stock in various companies
transcontinental railroad
allowed for easier westward expansion because the railroad reached all parts of the continent
homestead act
the government encouraged westward expansion through this act which allowed people to claim land if they lived there for 5 years and improved it
turner’s frontier thesis
he argued that the frontier developed the American identity of individualism, innovation, and democracy
Dawes act
authorized the government to break up tribal lands by dividing them into individual plots. only native americans who accepted could be citizens. Purpose was to assimilate natives to white society
Considering american individualism, to what degree was turner’s thesis a myth or reality?
turner believed that the frontier helped develop the American identity of individualism, innovation, and democracy. westward expansion did contribute to innovation, for example railroads and the homestead act contributed to individualism. On the other hand, there were harmful effects on native Americans. increased settlement caused the Dawes act to form which forced native Americans to assimilate to white culture, leaving theirs behind
The great railroad strike of 1877
the first major nationwide labor strike in the united states
upton sinclair
wanted to reform the meat packing industry, created a book called the jungle which exposed factory conditions, lead to the creation of the FDA
Jane Addams
created the hull house, for immigrant factories, advocated for child labor and women’s rights