AP Hug Unit6 - Quiz 2

Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

City of at least 50,000 people, the county in which it is located, and adjacent counties that have a high degree of social and economic integration or connection with Ubran Core

Micropolitan Statistical Area (MSA)

cities of more than 10,000 inhabitants (but less than 50,000), the county in which they are located and surrounding counties with a high degree of integration

edge cities

nodes of economic activity that have developed in the periphery of large cities

Central Business District (CBD)

the commercial heart of a city. Located near physical center of city or the crossroads where the city was founded. Focus of transportation and services

Concentric Zone Model/burgess Model

describes a city as a series of rings that surrounds a central business district.

Sector Model/Hoyt's Model

describes sectors of land use for low, medium, and high income housing

Peripheral Model

describes suburban neighborhoods surrounding an inner city and served by nodes of commercial activity along a ring road or beltway

Galactic City Model

an original CBD became surrounded by a system of smaller nodes that mimicked its function. As suburbs grew , the took on some CBD functions.

Squatter Settlement

The periphery of cities consisting of densely populated informal settlements lacking sufficient public services for electricity, water, and sewage

Zoning Ordinance

regulations that define how property in specific geographic regions can be used. Three categories in general. Residential, Commercial, Industrial

Filtering

Houses pass from one social group to another, generally from the wealthiest residents moving out and less wealthy residents move in.

Annexation

the process of adding land to a city's legally defined territory

public transit

Moving people around an urban area using buses, subways, light rail, and trains that are operated by a government agency.

Multiple Nuclei Model (Harris/Ullman Model)

suggests that functional zonation occurred around multiple centers, or nodes. The characteristics of each node either attracted or repelled certain types of activities resulting in a city consisting of a patchwork of land uses, each with its own center or nucleus.

Smart Growth

Policies to combat urban sprawl and create new vision for cities that are more sustainable and equitable

Greenbelts

areas of undeveloped land around an urban area, have been created to limit a city's growth and preserve farmland

Census Tracts

contiguous geographic regions that function as the foundation of a census

Urban Renewal

Clear out blighted inner-city slums displacing the residents to low income government housing and build new development projects

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly wealthier owner-occupied area of a city.

Redlining

the process by which banks refuse loans to those who want to purchase and improve properties in certain urban areas

Blockbusting

Rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in american cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people to move to previously white neighborhoods. In the resulting outmigration, real estate agents profit through the turnover of property

Boomburbs

A large, rapidly growing city that remains essentially suburban in character even as it reaches populations more typical of urban core cities.

Disamenity Zones/Sectors

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not connected to regular city services and are controlled by gangs and drug lords.

de facto segregation

Racial segregation that happens by fact rather than by legal requirement (not imposed by law)

Decentralization

the tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

Exurb (exurbanization)

Small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

Exurbanite

Person who has left the inner city and moved to outlying suburbs or rural areas.

Favelas(barrios)

a very poor and crowded area of a city in Brazil; slum area

Ghettoization

A process occurring in many inner cities in which they become dilapidated centers of poverty, as affluent whites move out to the suburbs and immigrants and people of color vie for scarce jobs and resources.

Inner City Decay/urban decay

Those parts of large urban areas that lose significant portions of their populations as a result of change in industry or migration to suburbs. Because of these changes, the inner city loses its tax base and becomes a center of poverty.

Leap Frog Development

Development that occurs well beyond the limits of the current urbanized area, usually to take advantage of less expensive land

Megacities

Cities, mostly characteristic of the developing world, where high population growth and migration have caused them to explode in population since World War II.

Megalopolis

Several, metropolitan areas that were originally separate but that have joined together to form a large, sprawling urban complex.

Ex- Bos-NY-Wash (Boston, New York city, Washington DC)

Metacities

was introduced by the United Nations to capture the increasing size of the largest urban aggregations on the planet. Previously, the term "megacity" had been the largest category of city, referring to any urban area comprising more than 10 million people. With a number of cities, such as Mexico City, Tokyo, Lagos, breaking the ceiling of 20 million inhabitants, UN Habitat chose to introduce a new term. (The sequence of city size classes now includes city at the lower end, grading through increasing sizes of metropolis, megacity or hypercity, with metacity representing the largest agglomeration).

New Urbanism

A counter to urban sprawl. Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs.

Node

Geographical centers of activity.

Segragation

The process that results from Suburbanization when affluent individuals leave the city center for homogenous suburban neighborhoods. this process isolates those individuals who cannot afford to consider relocating to suburban neighborhoods and must remain in certain pockets of the central city

Slow growth cities

urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows horizontally to avoid the adverse affects of sprawl

Suburban Sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Transporation-oriented development

A mixed-use residential and commercial area designed to maximize access to public transport

Urban growth boundary

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city.

Walkability

is a measure of how friendly an area is to walking. ... Factors influencing include the presence or absence and quality of footpaths, sidewalks or other pedestrian rights-of-way, traffic and road conditions, land use patterns, building accessibility, and safety, among others.

World City

Centers of economic, culture, and political activity that are strongly interconnected and together control the global systems of finance and commerce.

Zones of Abandonment

areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons

Zoning practices

Legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities can take place in certain areas. In the US, areas are mostly commonly divided into separate zones of residential, retail, or industrial use.

African City Model

Often three CBDs: a remnant of the colonial CBD, an informal and sometimes periodic market zone, and a transitional business center where commerce is conducted from curbside, stalls, or storefronts. Vertical development occurs in the colonial CBD, the traditional business center consists of one-story buildings, and the mark zone tends to be informal, yet still important. The neighborhoods are ethnic and mixed, often next to a mining and manufacturing zone. All of that is then ringed around by a zone characterized by squatter settlements and informal satellite townships.

Latin American City model

Cities in Latin America that owe much of their structure to colonialism, the rapid rise of industrialization and continual rapid increases in population. Similar to other colonial cities, they also demonstrate distinctive sectors of industrial or residential development radiating out from the CBD, where most industrial and financial activity occurs.

Primate City

A country's leading city, with a population that is disproportionately greater than other urban areas within the same country.

Southeast Asian city model

McGee model. Developed by T.G McGee. The focal point of the city is the colonial port zone combined with the large commercial district that surrounds it. McGee found no formal CBD but found seperate clusters of elements of the CBD surrounding the port zone: the government zone, the Western commercial zone, the alien commercial zone, and the mixed land-use zone with misc. economic activities.

Central City

The urban core of a metropolitan area, typically characterized by higher population density and being the hub for economic, cultural, and political

council of government (COG)

A regional governing body that coordinates activities across multiple jurisdictions, typically in metropolitan areas, to promote cooperation and efficient governance.

Density Gradient

A model that describes the change in density of a population or an area as distance from the urban core increases, often showing higher densities in the center and lower densities in suburban areas.

Public housing

Government-subsidized housing intended for low-income households, providing affordable living options in urban areas.

Social Area Analysis

A method used in urban geography that examines the social characteristics and spatial distribution of populations in urban environments, often highlighting issues of inequality, accessibility, and community resources.

Suburban Segragation

The physical and social separation of different racial or ethnic groups in suburban areas, leading to unequal access to resources and services.

Urban Sprawl

The uncontrolled expansion of urban areas into the surrounding rural land, often leading to increased traffic congestion, environmental degradation, and changes in land use patterns.