AP HUG WORDS THURSDAY TEST

Physical geography

Study of the natural features of Earth (land, water, climate).

Human geography

Study of people, cultures, and how they use space.

Time-distance decay

The farther away something is, the less interaction there is.

Spatial patterns

How things are arranged across earth.

Geospatial data

Info tied to a location (like GPS points, maps).

Scales of analysis

Level you look at something: local, regional, global.

Reference maps

Maps showing locations (like cities, rivers).

Political maps

Maps showing boundaries (countries, states).

Physical maps

Maps showing natural features.

Choropleth maps

Use colors/shading to show data.

Isoline maps

Use lines to connect equal values (like elevation or temp).

Topographic maps

Show elevation and shape of land.

Cartogram

Resizes areas based on data (like population).

Scale

map to irl ratio

Absolute location

Exact spot using coordinates.

Latitude

Lines going east–west measuring north/south.

Equator

Zero degrees latitude.

Longitude

Lines going north–south measuring east/west.

Prime meridian

Zero degrees longitude.

International Date Line

Line where the date changes.

Relative location

Location compared to other places.

Distribution

How things are spread out.

Elevation

Height above sea level.

Clustered

Grouped close together.

Dispersed

Spread out.

Landscape analysis

Studying the visible features of an area to understand people and environment.

Spatial data

Info about where things are located.

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Satellites that show exact location

Remote sensing

Collecting data about Earth from far away (like satellites).

GIS (Geographic Information Systems)

Computer systems that store, analyze, and display map data.

Community-based solutions

Local people creating plans to solve their own problems.

Location

Where something is.

Place

What a location is like (its traits).

Region

Area grouped by similar features.

Site

Physical traits of a location (soil, water, elevation).

Situation

Location compared to surroundings. (PHYSICALLY)

Toponyms

the name given to a place or geographic feature

ex: lincoln memorial or naming something after someone

Time-space compression

Technology makes far places feel closer.

Friction of distance

Distance makes interaction harder.

Distance decay

Interaction drops as distance increases.

Spatial association

How related two things are in space.

Natural resources

Materials from nature people use.

Renewable/non-renewable

Renewable can be replaced (sun, trees). Non-renewable can run out (oil, coal).

Sustainability

Using resources without harming the future.

Built environment

Human-made surroundings (buildings, roads).

Cultural landscape Theory

Humans affect the environment and in turn affects us so its a LOOP. (Ex: Great wall of China is specifically made on a mountain to deter invaders you made an effort to changing the environment.)

Environmental determinism

The idea that environment shapes culture.

Possibilism Theory

Humans can change their environment and how they use the stuff around them (ex: feeding the bears when it says to not is done so that bears don’t rely on that area and if they do, when tourist hours are done they will die waiting for food)

Global scale

Looking at the whole world.

National scale

Looking at one country.

Regional scale

Looking at areas like the Midwest or Europe.

Local scale

Looking at a small area like a town.

Formal regions

Areas with one clear characteristic (like a country).

Functional regions

Areas centered around a function or node (like a metro area served by one newspaper).

Perceptual/vernacular regions

Areas people think of in a certain way (like “the South” in the U.S.).

Subregions

Smaller parts of a region.

Contagious Diffusion

How ideas/stuff spread from one person to another (person to person contact aka rumors NOT DISEASE)

Stimulus Diffusion

An idea spreading from area to another but is changed to fit local customs and needs. (Mcdonalds beef is bad because hindus no eat beef so its veggie patty)

Network Diffusion

How ideas spread to other places through communication and follows no particular pattern. (disease)

Relocation Diffusion

Spread of ideas through the PHYSICAL MOVEMENT of people

Hierarchical Diffusion

Where ideas/trends spread from a more influential group and affects the less influential area

Acculturation

Taking in new ideas from a new place but also keeping you old ones with you

Assimilation

Taking in new ideas from a new place and ditching your old one and getting fully accustomed to the new area

Syncretism

Blending of cultural beliefs (as seen in food with a curry burrito)

Geographic Concentration

the cluster of people in an area (short-term like how many people are in the subways at 5:00pm)

Geographic density

This is how many people or things are in an area (like how many people in nyc per square mile) (long-term)

Citizen Science

The public participates in a scientific research

Behavioral Geographic Theory

Psychological way of how people travel. (Ex: office buildings but vending machines at areas of high geo concentration)

Humanistic Geography Theory

Places are important to people as they mean value to them (ex: going to kaabah because it important in islam)

Post Structuralist Geography Theory

Things are unfair on purpose because it benefits someone (Ex: oil refinery next to a poor neighborhood, they cant do shi so the oil refinery and go spread it cancer to the less fortunate)