Exam Revision Sem 2 PE Studies ATAR

What are the 4 characteristics of skeletal muscles?

Extensibility, Excitability, Contractibility, and Elasticity

What are the main types of blood vessels?

arteries, veins, capillaries

Function of carbohydrates.

Main energy source, stored as glycogen. Example: Marathon runner relies on glycogen stores

Function of fats

Secondary energy source, especially in low-intensity exercise. Example: Long-distance cyclist uses fatty acids for fuel.

Function of protein

Muscle repair & minor energy source if carbs depleted. Example: Weightlifter’s recovery post-training.

What is the ATP-CP system?

Immediate energy system using stored ATP & creatine phosphate for 0–10 sec. Example: 100m sprint start.

What is the lactic acid system?

Anaerobic glycolysis for 10–60 sec, produces lactic acid. Example: 400m sprint.

What is the aerobic system?

Uses oxygen for long-term energy, low intensity. Example: Marathon running.

How do energy systems work together?

Overlap during activity depending on intensity/duration. Example: Football: ATP-CP for sprints, aerobic for jogging.

Role of glucose in exercise.

Immediate fuel for ATP production. Example: Sprinter uses blood glucose for quick energy.

Role of glycogen in exercise.

Stored glucose in muscles & liver. Example: Soccer player’s endurance relies on glycogen stores.

Role of fatty acids in exercise.

Long-term energy for low intensity. Example: Cyclist in long rides uses fat after glycogen depletes.

Describe inhalation.

Diaphragm contracts, ribs lift, lungs expand, air in. Example: Swimmer takes deep breaths before a dive.

Describe exhalation.

Diaphragm relaxes, ribs lower, air out. Example: Runner exhales after sprint.

Role of diaphragm.

Main breathing muscle, contracts to inhale, relaxes to exhale.

Role of intercostal muscles.

Lift or lower ribs for breathing. Example: Rowers use strong intercostals for deep breaths.

Immediate muscular responses to exercise.

Increased blood flow, temperature, muscle pliability. Example: Warm-up before sprint reduces injury risk.

Long-term muscular adaptations.

Hypertrophy, strength, endurance. Example: Weightlifter develops bigger biceps over months.

Immediate cardiovascular responses.

Heart rate rises, blood pumped faster. Example: Cyclist’s heart rate rises during hill climb.

Long-term cardiovascular adaptations.

Larger stroke volume, lower resting HR. Example: Endurance runner heart pumps more efficiently.

How does blood redistribute during exercise?

blood vessels to muscles widen (vasodilation) and blood vessels to non-essential organs narrow (vasoconstriction). an example is sprinters legs receive more blood flow

What is oxygen debt?

Extra O₂ after anaerobic exercise to remove lactic acid. Example: Heavy breathing after 400m sprint.

Differences between aerobic and anaerobic respiration.

Aerobic = O₂ used, long duration; Anaerobic = no O₂, short bursts, lactic acid produced.

Time periods when each energy system dominates.

ATP-CP 0–10s, Lactic acid 10–60s, Aerobic >60s. Example: 100m sprint (ATP-CP), 400m sprint (lactic acid), marathon (aerobic).

What does Newton’s 1st Law (Inertia) state?

An object stays at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force for e.g. a football remains still until a player kicks it

What does Newton’s 2nd Law (Acceleration) state?

Force = Mass × Acceleration; acceleration is directly proportional to force and inversely to mass.

What does Newton’s 3rd Law (Action-Reaction) state?

For every action, there’s an equal and opposite reaction. Example: A sprinter pushes down on the blocks; the blocks push back propelling them forward.

Define velocity and speed in a sporting context.

Speed = distance ÷ time; velocity = speed in a specific direction. Example: A 100m sprinter has high speed and velocity in a straight line.

What factors influence projectile motion?

Angle, velocity, and height of release. Example: A basketball player adjusts release angle to make a 3-point shot.

Explain linear, angular, and general motion with examples.

Linear = straight (runner); Angular = rotation (gymnast); General = combination (cycling).

What is flexion?

Decreasing the angle at a joint. Example: Bending the elbow during a bicep curl.

What is extension?

Increasing the joint angle. For e.g. Straightening the knee when kicking a ball.

Define supination

Turning palm upward

Define Pronation

Turning palm downward

How does centre of gravity affect balance?

Lower centre of gravity increases stability for e.g. rugby players crouch during a scrum to maintain balance 

What factors increase stability?

Wide base of support, low centre of gravity, line of gravity within base for e.g. A gymnast on a beam widens stance to maintain balance.

What happens to the line of gravity when balance is lost?

It moves outside the base of support for e.g. a footballer leans too far when going for a header and falls

Why is understanding force important in sport?

Allows athletes to maximize performance and efficiency.

Why do we learn biomechanics?

What are gross skills

Skills which use large muscle groups for e.g. kicking a football

What are fine motor skills

Skills which use smaller groups and are smaller and more precise movement for e.g. playing darts

Define open skills

performed in a dynamic environment with external factors that the performer needs to adapt too for example open play during a game of football

Define closed skills

performed in a stable, consistent environment that doesn’t change for e.g. weightlifting

Discrete skills

skills with a clear start and a finish for e.g. a dribble in basketball

Serial skills

skills which link multiple discrete skills performed in a specific order to make a more complex action for e.g. a layup in basketball (dribble, jump, shot)

define continuous skills

a movement that has no clear start or end for e.g. swimming is a free flowing cycle with no clear start or end in the technique

Simple vs complex skills

An action with few decisions to make for e.g. a throw in on soccer vs an action with many decisions to make for e.g. a gymnastics routine

Define the 3 stages of skill learning.

Cognitive: Beginner, lots of errors.

Associative: Practice, refine technique.

Autonomous: Automatic, consistent.

What are the stages of information processing?

Input → Decision making → Output → Feedback.

Example: Player sees defender, chooses to pass, executes, receives coach feedback.*

What is feedback?

Information about a performance used to improve for e.g. video footage of a jump-shot attempt in a match and receiving feedback on technique

Types of feedback?

Intrinsic (internal) , extrinsic (external)

Nidifers model (4 categories)

Broad internal, Broad external, Narrow internal, Narrow external

Outline Broad External

Attention paid to large number of cues in the external environment

Outline Broad internal

Attention paid to internal thoughts and images.

Outline narrow external

focused targeting which is the ability to block out distractions and to focus on relevant cues. Needed for target sports.

Outline narrow internal

Focus on a specific image, thought, or coaching point with a few relevant cues

3 types of goals

process, performance, outcome

Why is goal setting important

Focuses effort, boosts motivation, measures progress.

What is the Inverted-U hypothesis?

Performance improves with arousal to an optimal point, then drops.

Sporting example of inverted u hypothesis 

A footballer may underperform if nervous (low arousal) or overexcited (high arousal), best when balanced (optimal arousal).

Define arousal in sport.

The readiness level of a performer when facing a task

What is “being in the zone”?

Optimal arousal level where performance feels the easiest

Intrinsic vs extrinsic motivation?

Intrinsic = personal satisfaction for e.g. fun Extrinsic = rewards for e.g. money or fame

Why is intrinsic motivation stronger?

It’s self-driven and lasts longer.

Explain intrinsic motivation

Doing something for personal satisfaction for e.g. fun or to play with friends.

Explain extrinsic motivation

Doing something for outside factors for e.g. social status, fame, wealth etc.

How can goal setting improve motivation?

Provides focus, encourages persistence, and tracks progress.

What are SMART goals?

Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound.

What is concentration and how can it be maintained?

Sustained focus on relevant cues; improved by routines and cue words.

How can arousal relate to “flow” or being “in the zone”?

When arousal is optimal, a performer is more likely to concentrate and be “in the zone”