Echinoderm, Introduction to Vertebrates, and Fish Test

Describe the common characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata.

1. *Endoskeleton: an internal support system made of interlocking calcium plates.

• Gives most echinoderms RADIAL SYMMETRY: their bodies are in the shape of stars, discs, or spheres!

2.  They have several organ systems, and each arm (or ray) has a complete set of all organs!

3.  Each arm/ray has complete set of organs: digestive, reproductive, nervous, and vascular!

Each arm/ray has complete set of organs, what are they?

digestive, reproductive, nervous, and vascular!

Gives most echinoderms _________ their bodies are in the shape of stars, discs, or spheres!

radial symmetry

Echinoderm means ___  in Latin!

spiny skin

Are the tube feet hard or soft for Sea stars?

soft

Identify several structures of the external and internal anatomy of the sea star.

Modreporite plate (sieve plate), stone canal, ring canal, radial canal, lateral canal, ampulla, tube feet, central disc

Modreporite plate (sieve plate)

• the dot on the dorsal side of the central disc. Often mistaken for an “eye”! This is the opening that allows water to enter the echinoderm.

stone canal

short tube that connects the modreporite to the ring canal

ring canal

circular tube that connects to all of the arms/rays of the animal. This is necessary due to the radial symmetry all echinoderms have

radial canal

•  long tube that extends down each arm/ray.

lateral canal

• tubes that extend outward from the radial canal into the arm/ray.

ampulla

muscular sacs that expand and contract to pump water in and out of the system. Think of these as water balloons that can change size and shape depending on how much water is in them.

tube feet

• soft expandable tubes with suckers on the end that the animal uses to grasp and move with.

central disc

•  Center of animal; where rays are attached 

Describe the function of the Digestive system in the sea star

Digestive-  Its stomach moves out of its body to digest its prey alive and it has a digestive gland, and intestines

• Digestive gland- produces the enzymes needed to digest the sea stars food

Describe the function of the Water vascular in the sea star

a network of complex water filled tubes, canals, and pouches that echinoderms use for respiration, local motion, and the movement of nutrients and wastes. 

reproductive organs

gonads=produce sperm in males & eggs in females

Asteroidea

 Scavengers and carnivores 

• Example: sea stars

What are the 4 classes of echinoderms

Asteroidea, ophiuridea, echinoidea, holothuroidea

Ophiuridea

5 arms, arms are longer, thinner and more mobile, don’t have ampullae, move quickly 

• Example: Brittle stars and basket stars

Echinoidea

no arms, sphere or disc shaped bodies, bodies covered with moveable spines, spines are long and sharp 

• Example: sea urchins and sand dollars

Holothuroidea

NO 5 part body, use tube feet for movement, have sticky tentacle-like tube feet around the mouth 

• Example: sea cucumbers

Describe the common characteristics of animals of the phylum Chordata and the subphylum Vertebrata.

• A dorsal hollow nerve cord, for some this will develop into a spine and a brain

• Gill slits or pouches for breathing. In aquatic animals the slits stay; in terrestrial animals the slits close and lungs develop

• Post anal tail that most keep throughout their lives 

• Endoskeleton with a distinct skull 

• A closed circulatory system with a multi-chambered heart

How many chambered hearts do fish have?

2 chambered hearts

How many chambered hearts do amphibians and most reptiles have?

3 chambered hearts

How many chambered hearts do crocodilians, birds, and mammals have?

4 chambered hearts

Blue= ____

low oxygen

red= ____

high oxygen

What animal is the only one with very little oxygen?

fish

In _____ and _____, due to an added chamber, the high and low oxygen blood NEVER mix.

Birds and mammals

All vertebrates belong to Phylum ____.

Chordata

Examples of animals in Phylum Chordata?

Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals

Endothermic are commonly called _____ blooded.

warm

Endothermic

a constant body temperature is maintained using internal processes.

What are some examples of Endothermics?

Crocodilians, birds, and mammals 

Endothermic advantage?

Can live in any environment regardless of temperature

Endothermic disadvantage?

Require much more food due to high energy requirements. Many need adaptations for cold weather

Ectothermic are commonly called ____ blooded.

cold

Ectothermic

 body temperature and metabolism is controlled by the external environment (animals body temp is controlled by environment) 

What are some examples of Ectothermics

 Fish, amphibians, and reptiles 

Ectothermic advantages?

These animals require less food since they are not using any energy to regulate their temperature

Ectothermic disadvantages?

Most must live in warmer climates, since if it gets too cold, their metabolism shuts down and they die

_____ require less food to survive and can eat less often than endotherms.

ectotherms

Notice the structure of the gill filaments. What is the advantage of having this very feathery texture?

The feathery structure gives it more surface area which helps it get more oxygen. 

____ chamber is soft so the blood can pass through

Atrium

_____ chamber is hard so it is able to pump the blood

Ventricle

Identify the 14 external and internal anatomy structures of the perch.

• Swim bladder

• Lateral line 

• Dorsal fin 

• Spine 

• Scales

• Operculum 

• Gills

• Heart

• Liver

• Stomach 

• Intestine 

• Kidney 

• Anal fish 

• Codal fin

Propose a reason as to why the swim bladder is so thin and flexible?

Because it can expand and contract for surface area to absorb and release oxygen 

Describe how the anatomy of the fish’s gills allow if to extract oxygen from the water

Water flows over the gills, which are made up of thin, feathery filaments called gill filaments. These filaments are densely packed with capillaries (tiny blood vessels), increasing the surface area for oxygen absorption

Why was the operculum observed as a way to measure the fishs breathing rate?

Everytime they open their mouth or use their operculum they are bringing water over the gills so they can breathe. Its like humans taking a deep breath.

Describe how water temperature effects the respiration rate of a live fish. 

The colder you make the water the more the respiration/minute decreases and the warmer you make the water the respiration/minute increases 

What are the 3 classes of fishes

Agnatha, Chondrichthyes, Osteichthyes

Agnatha

• Jawless fish 

• Snake like bodies with lobed fins 

• Have sucker like mouths

Examples of Agnatha?

Lampreys and hagfish(scavengers)

Fish of class Chondrichthyes have skeletons made mostly of ______ (not hard bone).

cartilage

What are the 2 parts of the skeleton of this group which are made of bone?

The jaw and teeth 

Examples of Chondrichthyes?

Sharks, rays, and skates

What advantage does the skeleton of these fish have over fish with more bony skeletons?

Its good for dept because we have hard bones so ours would crush under the pressure from the deep water but theirs wouldn’t.

What two structures do sharks NOT HAVE that perch do have?

Operculum and swim bladder 

Which two structures are used by sharks to control their buoyancy and/or to provide life as they swim through the water?

 Long pectoral fins and its large oily liver

What is found inside the sharks intestine that is a unique structure in the animal kingdom?

Spiral value

What is the advantage to having this unique structure?

It allows them to extract large amounts of nutrients from their food which helps with increasing surface area

What does Ostei mean?

bones

All fish in the class Osteichthyes are made entirely of ____?

true bones

Which is the largest and most diverse class of fish?

Osteichthyes 

_____ have a primitive form of lungs for breathing along with gills.

Lungfish

Why are the lungs necessary for Osteichthyes fishes’ survival?

Warm water contains very low oxygen levels so lungs are necessary in the warmer and drier months of the year.

Fish that have “fan-like” finas are called ____?

ray-finned fish

Osteichthyes examples?

Yellow fin tuna, clown fish, royal blue tang, sea horse, mandarin fish 

The most primitive group of Osteichthyes fish are the ___?

Lobed-finned fish 

The fin bones of these fish resemble the ______ and ______ of many modern vertebrates.

Arm bones and leg bones