BIOLOGY P1- [General Biology]

Scientific Method

____-it is a systematic way of conducting experiment or studies so that you could explore your observation and answer questions using reason and evidence

1. Observation

2. Hypothesis

3. Experiment/Data Gathering

4. Conclusion

5. Publication

Scientific Method [5]

Observation

____- the action or process of examining something

Ex. phenomena/problem

Hypothesis

- a possible explanation of a specific phenomenon;

-scientific/intelligent guess.

• Prediction

• Theory

Hypothesis can be in the form of ____ [2]

Prediction

____– a claim about what you can expect to see in nature if a theory or hypothesis is

correct.

Theory

____-– a testable explanation of a broad range of phenomena

Experiment/Data Gathering

___-is an attempt to produce actual observations that match predicted or expected observations.

Conclusion

______ -
►is a statement about whether a theory or hypothesis should be accepted, rejected, or modified based on tests of the prediction derived from it.
►based on the experiment result solely

• All organisms share made up of the basic unit of life-cell, which come from pre-existing cells via cell division (Cell Theory)

• All organisms acquire energy from the environment and uses energy to survive by relying on metabolic and homeostatic processes

• All organisms have the ability to respond to environmental changes and have the capacity for growth, development and reproduction based on instruction contained in their DNA

Properties of Life [3]

• Can multiply

• Can evolve (always inside the cell)

Characteristic of a Virus [2]

• Consist of cell

• Metabolize

• Respond to stimuli

• Multiply

• Evolve

Characteristic of a Organism [5]

Organism

[VIRUS/ORGANISM] consist cell

Organism

[VIRUS/ORGANISM] Can metabolize

Organism

[VIRUS/ORGANISM] Can respond to stimuli

• Virus (always inside a cell)

• Organism(usually independently)

[VIRUS/ORGANISM] can multiply

Virus and Organism

[VIRUS/ORGANISM] can evolve

• Independent Variable

• Dependent Variable

• Controlled Variable

TYPE OF VARIABLES [3]

Independent Variable

[TYPE OF VARIABLE]

►experimental treatment

► can be CHANGED

► The CAUSE

Example : Time

Dependent Variable

[TYPE OF VARIABLE]

►Changed happend BECAUSE of the independent variable

►the EFFECT

Dependent Variable

[TYPE OF VARIABLE]

►Observable and Measurable
Example: height of plant

Controlled Variable

[TYPE OF VARIABLE] - Unchanging

Example:

• conc. of nutrients in the soil

• type of light or wavelength/ intensity that your plants are exposed to

• Atom

• Molecule

• Biomolecule

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ system

• Organism

• Population

• Community

• Ecosystem

• Biome

• BIosphere

Level of Organization of Life [7]

• Carbohydrate

• Lipid

• Protein

• Nucleic acid

Main Biomolecule [4]

Cell

___- is the basic unit of life

Atom

[ Level of Organization of Life ]- the smallest non-living unit

Molecule

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _____ -- two or more atoms of the same or different elements bonded together

Organelle

[ Level of Organization of Life ] ______- sacs or other compartments that separates activities inside the cell

Cell

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _____- smallest living unit, may be unicellular/multicellular

Tissues

[ Level of Organization of Life ] ______-- a group of cells with the same specialized function

Organ

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _______- a structural unit in which tissues are combined in specific amounts and patterns that allow them to perform a common task

Organ System

[ Level of Organization of Life ] ______- two or more organs interacting chemically, physically, or both

Multicellular Organism

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _______-- an individual composed of specialized, interdependent cells arrayed in tissues, organs and often organ systems

Population

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _____- a group of individuals belonging to the same species occupying a given area at the same time

Community

[ Level of Organization of Life ] _________- the population of all species occupying the same area

Ecosystem

[ Level of Organization of Life ]

______ -

►a community and its physical environment

►has relationship between biotic and abiotic factor

Ecosystem

NOTE : relationship between and abiotic factor

[ Level of Organization of Life ] The plant is growing under direct sunlight and then the human beings around the plant is adding water

Biome

[ Level of Organization of Life ] - patchwork of land or water involved

Biome

[ Level of Organization of Life ] -Lake, Farm or any patchwork of land or water involved

Biosphere

[ Level of Organization of Life ]_____ - includes the whole Earth and all its living organisms

• Domain

• Kingdom

• Phylum

• Class

• Order

• Family

• Genus

• Species

Classification of Organism /Linnaean System [8]

• Eubacteria

• Archaebacteria

• Protista

• Fungi

• Plantae

• Animalia

Kingdom Classification [6]

Eubacteria

[Kingdom Classification] _______ -true bacteria

Eubacteria

[Kingdom Classification] ______ - Prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms typically having rigid cell walls and flagella for movement

Example: Streptococcus sp., Lactobacilli sp., E. coli

Archaebacteria

[Kingdom Classification] ______ -Prokaryotic, unicellular microorganisms that are commonly viewed as extremophiles

Example: halophiles, thermophiles, methanogens

Protista

[Kingdom Classification] _______ - Eukaryotic unicellular or unicellular-colonial organisms which form no tissues

Example:

• Paramecium sp. ,Plasmodium sp , Trypanosoma sp.. ,Dinoflagellates

• red algae ,slime molds ,amoeba, cilliates

Fungi

[Kingdom Classification] _________-Eukaryotic, spore-bearing organisms with absorptive nutrition (saprophytic) that reproduce sexually and asexually

Example: molds, mushrooms, Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., Saccharomyces sp

Plantae

[Kingdom Classification] _______ - Eukaryotic, autotrophic, photosynthetic multicellular organisms

Example:
Moss (Bryophytes), ferns, gymnosperms ,angiosperms

Animalia

[Kingdom Classification] - Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, multicellular organisms

Example :

Poriferans (sponges) ,Cnidarians (Jellyfish), Mollusks (mussel, octopus, snail) ,Arthropods (spiders, insects) ,Echinoderms (starfish) ,Fish, Amphibians ,Reptiles ,Birds, Mammals

b. Metabolism, reproduction, growth and development are the only key characteristics in defining life

1. Which of the following statements about organisms is false?

a. A virus is not considered an organism.

b. Metabolism, reproduction, growth and development are the only key characteristics in defining life.

c. Development can be defined as the transformation from an immature to a mature functional form.

d. The ability of living organisms to maintain a stable internal environment is homeostasis.

c. skin → epithelial tissue → squamous cell

2. Which of the following is in the correct sequence of biological organization from the highest to lowest?

a. brain → neurons → peripheral nervous system

b. lymph node → lymph → lymphatic system

c. skin → epithelial tissue → squamous cell

d. cardiac muscle cell → heart → cardiovascular system

d. some members are shaped like rods and termed bacilli

3. Which of the following is a characteristic of the kingdom Eubacteria?

a. some members can be eukaryotic

b. members are saprophytic

c. all members are parasitic

d. some members are shaped like rods and termed bacilli

b. unicellular green algae

4. Which of the following is a member of the protist kingdom?

a. halophiles

b. unicellular green algae

c. anaerobic bacteria

d. mosses

b. Canis rufus

5. Which of the following is the organism Canis lupus familiaris most closely related to?

a. Lupus erythematosus

b. Canis rufus

c. Anthus familiaris

d. Lycaeon lupus

• Cell is the basic unit of life

• All living organism are composed of one or more cells

• Cells arise from pre-existing cells

CELL THEORY says that ____ [3]

Theory of Biogenesis

Cells arise from pre-existing cells is from the Theory of ____

Theory of Spontaneous Generation

Theory of ____ ; says that non living things can give rise to living things

Carbohydrate

[BIOMOLECULE] - Most abundant organic molecule in nature

►monosaccharide

►polysaccharide

CARBOHYDRATE

• Monomer is ____ [monosaccharide / polysaccharide]

• Polymer is ____ [monosaccharide / polysaccharide]

Cn(H₂O)n

Carbohyrdate common ration is ____ aka hydrate of carbon

hydrate of carbon

Cn(H2O)n is aka ___

Carbohydrate

[BIOMOLECULE] - Functions include energy sources and structural elements

dehydration synthesis/ condensation (removal of water)

Macromolecules are linked together by a process called ____

hydrolysis.

Macromolecules are broken down to their component monosaccharides through ____

• monosaccharides

• disaccharides

• oligosaccharides

• polysaccharides

Carbohydrates are classified as ____ [4] according to the number of simple sugars they contain.

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

• Mannose

Examples of MONOSACCHARIDES [4]

Mnemonic: GFGM

• Lactose

• Maltose

• Sucrose

Examples of DISACCHARIDES [3]

Mnemonic: LMS

oligosaccharides

3-10 monosaccharide units , found in ER, GB

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin, pectin, gum, peptidoglycan

Examples of POLYSACCHARIDES [7]

►amino acid

►polypeptide

Monomer is ___ [amino acid/ polypeptide]

Polymer is ___ [amino acid/ polypeptide]

Amino acid

PROTEIN

_____ - are linked together by peptide bonds

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

4 levels of Protein structure

• Catalysis

• Structure

• Movement

• Defense

• Regulation

• Transport

• Storage

Proteins have the following functions: [7]

Enzymes (amylase, cellulase, papase/ papain)

Protein for CATALYSIS

• Collagen (connective tissue matrix)

• Fibroin (silk) , spider web

• Keratin (hair, horns, feathers, hooves)

Proteins for STRUCTURE [3]

Actin and tubulin (involved in cell movements in Amoeba and sperm cells; found in flagella and cilia)

Protein for MOVEMENT [2]

• Skin keratin (first line of protection)

• Fibrinogen and thrombin (blood clot)

• Antibodies (secreted by lymphocytes in response to infection)

• Spines of sea urchin

Protein for DEFENSE [3]

Hormones (insulin & glucagon, growth hormone)

Protein for REGULATION

• Hemoglobin (transport oxygen and waste material )

• Myoglobin (transport of oxygen to muscles)

Protein for TRANSPORT [2]

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULES] ___ are not defined by specific, repeating monomeric units. Rather, they are defined by their water-repelling property

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULES] _____ contain 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol.

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULES] ____contain non-polar hydrocarbon groups (-CH3, -CH2)

Lipids

[BIOMOLECULES] Functions include transport, storage, and insulation

• oils (saturated and unsaturated)

• waxes

• phospholipids

Types of LIPIDS [3]

►liquid

►solid

Oil is ____ [ liquid / solid ] at room temperature

Wax is ____ [ liquid / solid ]. at room temperature

►micelle

►phospholipids bilayer

Phospholipids usually assume two forms in an aqueous environment:____ [2]

►plant-derived

►animal-derived

Oil is usually _______ [plant-derived / animal-derived ]

Fat is usually _______ [plant-derived / animal-derived ]

phosphodiester bonds

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Watson-Crick Model:

• Nucleotides (monomer) are connected to each other by____

• nitrogenous base

• sugar (ribose, deoxyribose)

• phosphate group

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Watson-Crick Model:

• Nucleotide is made up of 3 components such as ____

N-glycosidic bonds

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Watson-Crick Model:

• Nucleoside = nitrogenous bases linked to sugar by ____

• purines (adenine, guanine)

• pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Watson-Crick Model:

• The nitrogenous bases are :

  • purines (adenine, guanine)

  • pyrimidines (cytosine, thymine, uracil).

Hydrogen Bonds

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Watson-Crick Model:

• Base Pairs are connected by______

Chargaff’s Rule: A+G = C+T

• Adenine (A) = thymine (T)

• Guanine (G) = cytosine (C)

Base Pairs [2]

Nucleic Acids

[BIOMOLECULES] ____ is involved in heredity, protein synthesis, and as energy carriers

• DNA

• RNA

• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

• Nucleotide coenzyme (NAD+ & NADP+)

Example of NUCLEIC ACIDS [4]

DNA

[ DNA vs RNA ] Sugar : Deoxyribose

RNA

[ DNA vs RNA ] Sugar : Ribose

DNA

[ DNA vs RNA ] Bases : A, G, C, T

RNA

[ DNA vs RNA ] Bases: A, G, C, U

DNA

[ DNA vs RNA ] Strand : Double-stranded