Unit 1 - Section B (muscles)

What are the 3 types of muscles?

Cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle

What are 2 characteristics of each of the muscles?

Cardiac muscles are non fatiguing and involuntary

Skeletal are fatiguing and voluntary

Smooth are involuntary and have slow contraction

What is the role of the Cardiac Muscle & where is it found?

It is the muscle that circulates blood in and out of the skeletal system & it’s s found on the walls of the heart.

What is the function skeletal muscles & where are they found?

They provide movement and support & they are attached to the bones of the skeletal system.

What is the role of the smooth muscle & where is it found?

They control body functions such a movement of food through the body & they are found in the walls of organs

What is an example of a cardiac muscle

The heart

What are 2 examples of skeletal muscles?

Biceps,triceps and soleus

What is an example of a smooth muscle?

Internal organs and blood vessels

What do isotonic contractions do?

They can pull but they can’t push so they have to work in an antagonistic pairs to move so 1 muscle contracts whilst the other relaxes

What is an isometric muscle contraction & what is it used for?

Isometric which is where there is no change in the muscle length when the muscle contracts and it is usually used for static holds.

What is an example of an isometric contraction?

Plank

What is a cocentric contraction and what is it used for?

Concentric which shortens as the muscle contracts and it is used for movement.

What is an eccentric muscle contraction and what is it used for?

Eccentric which is where the muscle lengthens when it contracts and it is used for slowing or braking movements.

when muscles contract what end stays stationary and what end moves

stationary - origin

moving end - insertion

What are antagonistic pairs?

where muscles that can’t push are paired with muscles that pull in the opposite direction

What is an example of an isotonic contract?

A press up or running

What is an agonist muscle?

a muscle that contracts to create movement

What are 2 examples of agonist muscles?

Hamstrings and biceps brachi

What is an antagonist muscle?

a muscle that relaxes so if it was contracted it would make opposite joint movement

What are 2 examples of antagonist muscles?

Quadriceps and triceps brachi

What is a synergist muscle?

a muscle that helps the agonist muscle to create force

what are 2 examples of synergist muscles?

gastrocnemius and brachialis

what is a fixation muscle?

A muscle that helps the agonist by stabilising the muscle’s origin

What is a type 1 muscle fibers

They are slow twitch muscles which use the aerobic energy system to sense capillary network,

Type 1 muscle fibres contract slowly and exert the least amount of force but they have the highest resistance to fatigue

What are type 2a muscle fibres?

They are fast twitch fibers that can develop type 1 characteristics.

They use the aerobic and anaerobic energy systems depending on the training the performer undertakes.

what are type 2x muscle fibres?

They use the anaerobic energy system to produce a strong force which consists of large motor units and these muscle fibers tend to be larger

What is vascular shunting?

The process where during exercise there is an increase need for o2 so the blood supply to the muscles increases.

When does muscle temperature increase?

Muscle temp increases when heat is given off as a by-product or energy production during exercise.

what happens when muscle temperature increases?

The muscles become more pliable

what are micro tears?

resistance exercise where your muscle tear.

How does age affect exercise performance?

Muscle deteriorate with age around 30% between 50-70

what is a cramp?

They are sudden muscle contractions that are very painful and it’s caused by lack of salt and electrolytes.

what is lactate?

burning sensation in muscles during high intensity exercise due to a build up in lactic acid which is a waste product in anaerobic exercise, lactate can lead to rapid fatigue

What are 4 adaptations of the muscular system in response to excercise?

1) increase in tendon strength and flexibility if you exercise regularly.

2) increase in storage of fat due to fat stores making energy by aerobic glycolysis

3) increased tolerance to lactate because anaerobic exercise allows the muscles to tolerate lactic acid & clear it away.

4) increased storage of glycogen which allows you to exercise at higher intensities for longer