Class

while Bourdieu denies the existence of classes as homogenous sets of economically and socially differentiated indviduals objectively constituted into groups, wjat does he think it is possible to simultaneously assert the existence of

a space of differences based on a principle of economic and social differentiation

how does Bourdieu see classes: as ____ qualities

relational qualities

how does Bourdieu think we can conceive of classes using

a structural mode of thinking using field theory

what four forms of capital inform someones class position, according to Bourdieu

economic, cultural, social and symbolic

what does capital do to agents in terms of the field (BOURDIEU)

positions agents in a space

what is the structure of the space given by (BOURDIEU)

distribution of various forms of capital

agents are distributed in the social space based on … (BOURDIEU)

volume of capital, composition of capital and their trajectory

agents, subject to cimilar conditions and in the same space in the field theory, tend to (BOURDIEU)

resemble one another and reinforce points of resemblance

what principles of differentiation does Bourdieu identify as the most powerful, producing clear-cut differences between agents at extreme ends rather than in the middle (connection to Savage article)

economic and cultural

what does Bourdieu say grouos are always the work of ….

complex historical construction

who wrote about the study of boundaries in the social sciences

lamont

what does Lamont argue has an increasingly key role in the social sciences

boundaries and borders

what are symbolic boundaries (LAMONT)

conceptual distinctions made by social actors to categorize objects, people, practices etc

what are social boundaries (LAMONT)

objectified forms of social difference manifest in unequal access to and distribution of resources

what has to happen to social boundaries for them to take on a constraining character and pattern social interactions in important ways (LAMONT)

have to be widely agreed on

how do individuals differentiate themselves from others according to Lamont

us vs them distinctions

what can we see the logic of class struggle extending to, and what does this symbolic classification reproduce

tastes and lifestyles, class privileges

through the incorporation of ____, cultural practices have inescapable and unconscious classificatory effects shaping social position by defining class boundaries (LAMONT)

habitus

in line with Bourdieu, what does Lamont highlight as impacting educational and occupational attainment

cultural capital

how does Lamont describe the varied cultural consumption of higher classes in the US

cultural omnivores

who writes ‘classificatory struggles’

tyler

what problem does the concept of class describe accoridng to Tyler

inequality

how does Tyler argue sociology should see class

understand class as struggles against classification

example of a TV show that presents class in a kind of ‘poverty porn’ way which Tyler gives as an example

benefits street

what does Tyler say is essential in producing class exploitation

class stigma

what does Tyler identify in recent movements around class e.g. New Labour — an attemot to decouple class from

inequality

how does Beck conceive of contemporary society - the point that Tyler is challenging

capitalism without classes

what does class only emerge through, for Tyler

struggles (as people activate alternate values which deflect class stigma)

for Tyler, wjay is there a central role of in making class relations, emphasising the cultural and symbolic element

symbolic violence

who looks at inner city comprehensives in london

diane reay

why does the school you/your children go to matter more in London (REAY)

less geographical separation between classes

what does education then help secure (REAY)

material and cultural distance between classes

in society, weaker groups are relegated to _____ places

less desirable

how do middle class children conceive of these places and schools in London (REAY)

good vs bad places

because they are conceived of as ‘bad’ places, what do working class children have to do in these schools (REAY)

psychic and spatial recoding of them

who argues class should be understood in terms of a person’s position within the social and economic organization of society, rather than their individual characteristics of behaviour - class is a group relational quality, rather than being individualisedr

raymond williams

what does Williams emphasise, a little differently from Bourdieu, particularly via economic relations

historical development

difference between how williams and Bourdieu conceive of the unit of class

group vs space

what does Savage think is more hierarchically differentiated in modern British social class

wealth elite from precariats

what class boundary have we been historically preoccupied with (SAVAGE)

middle and working class

what was the line between the middle and working class conceptualised as, by figures like conservative politicians (SAVAGE)

moral boundary

savage argues there is a new kind of snobbery based on knowing and displaying awareness of ____ (SAVAGE)

codes

are all economic inequalities about class e.g. if you win the lottery (SAVAGE)

no

what is important about the economic aspects of class (SAVAGE)

what advantages endure over time

how did Bourdieu describe this historical and inherited aspect of economic advantages

rights over the future (e.g. capital, assets)

as well as economic e.g. wealth, what else do people inherit from their parents (SAVAGE)

cultural capital

classes are the product of myriad processes of _____(SAVAGE)

accumulation and sedimentation

what is a new, and very important, element of class

proeprty

what is property very closely linked to (SAVAGE)

geography

what does Savage think the upper classes are aware of (SAVAGE)

their class status

who perpetuates the notion of high culture (SAVAGE)

the state, education system, cultural critics

why are Bourdieu’s criticisms about cultural capital more complex to apply

cultural omnivores, institutions try to be less elitist

how are the technical middle class distinguished from the upper middle class (SAVAGE)

culturally disengaged

those with the most social capital are those able to bridge _____ (SAVAGE)

structural holes

is the homology between cultural and economic capital perfect

no

social mobility is in decline in Britain: what percent of people in the elite class had parents in class 1 vs parents in the precariat

51% vs 11%

are the elites one homogenous group and how else could they be described (SAVAGE)

no, a constellation

do the cultural elite in London live in the same areas as the economic elite (SAVAGE)

no

the tastes of the working class are not only pathologized but seen as ____, and who said this

immoral, skeggs

what does Bourdieu see as being at the root of all other forms of capital

economic capital

who critiquees Bourdieu’s view for its relationship to Marx

Desan

how does Bourdieu treat capital — seen as fetishistic, doesn’t see it as a fundamentally social relation (DESAN)

thing that generates power

who carried out ethnographic interviews looking at the way people talk about poverty

shildrick and macdonald

in their interviews conducted, do the people recognise their own pverty and what sort of words fo they use (SHILDRICK)

no, getting by/managing

what were shildrick and macdonald’s informants keen to separate and distance themselves from

undeserving poor

poverty in other people’s lives (undeserving poor) was seen as a ____ (SHILDRICK)

moral failure

who beared the weight of maintaining respectability and deserving poor status (SHILDRICK)

mothers

whose concept of hegemony could be applied to the way US mothers in the dole who have internalised the perspective that need for welfare represents a personal inadequacy

Gramsci

who looks at the ways in which black middle class individuals decode cultural capital

meghji

what 3 forms does meghji see cultural capital as existing in

embodied, objectified and institutionalised

how is black cultural capital often treated (MEGHJI)

strategic

what does Meghji point out black cultural capital might also be, as well as strategic

genuine enjoyment

black middle classes have learned to decipher that some forms of cultural capital have been ______ (MEGHJI)

encoded as pertaining to white middle class

what are 2 ways black participants decode certain cultural capital

lens of black representation, and practical engagement with space

point about white people as cultural omnivores - do they have to decode the capital in the same way

no

what does bourdieu mean when he says social classes ‘exist twice’

class is both a structural reality and subjective experience

what form does the internalization of these social conditions (subjective experience)

habitus

who carry out a survey of class in Australia, inspired by Savage

gay and bennett

what do Gayo and Bennett find about class and culture in Austrailia

no class appears to enjoy ‘highbrow culture’

what deos bennett suggest about class and cultural consumption (BENNETT)

someone’s current class position is less important for cultural consumption than their parent's’ class

who distinguishes between class structure (ownership of wealth frorms) and class formation (conscious class groupings) (Australian one)

western