PSY 349 Midterm 1

OARS motivational interviewing technique

Open-ended questions, Affirmations, Reflective listening, and Summaries.

Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) for substance use disorders (SUDs)

Helps individuals develop coping skills and cognitive techniques to reduce substance use.

Stages of change in addiction recovery

Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, Maintenance.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA)

An organization that some individuals may choose not to attend due to its religious affiliation.

I-RISA model

Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution, explaining attention bias and compulsive drug-seeking.

Supervised injection sites

Reduce harm by providing a safe environment for drug use and preventing overdoses.

Alcohol withdrawal symptoms

Severe tremors, hallucinations, seizures, and delirium tremens that may require hospitalization.

Dopamine

The primary neurotransmitter involved in addiction and reward systems.

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS)

A withdrawal condition in newborns caused by prenatal exposure to opioids.

Relapse in addiction recovery

Often triggered by exposure to environmental cues that provoke cravings.

Evidence-based pharmacological treatments for SUDs

Methadone, Buprenorphine, and Naltrexone.

Key factors contributing to the opioid epidemic

Over-prescription, pharmaceutical marketing, and lack of regulatory oversight.

Motivational interviewing vs traditional directive therapy

Motivational interviewing is collaborative, avoids confrontation, and focuses on eliciting change talk.

Harm reduction strategies

Aim to minimize negative consequences of substance use rather than focusing solely on abstinence.

Thiamine deficiency in chronic alcohol use

Can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, causing memory impairment.

Cognitive impairments in long-term substance use

Reduced executive functioning, attention bias, and impaired decision-making.

Prefrontal cortex in addiction

Involved in impulse control and decision-making, which become impaired in addiction.

Physical dependence vs addiction

Dependence involves tolerance and withdrawal, while addiction includes compulsive drug-seeking behavior.

Social and psychological barriers to addiction treatment

Stigma, lack of access to care, and co-occurring mental health disorders.

Alcohol's effect on the gut microbiome

Disrupts healthy bacteria, leading to inflammation and cognitive changes.

Definitions of addiction

Characterized by loss of control and catastrophic consequences.

Addiction as a brain disorder

Involves functional changes to brain circuits related to reward, stress, and self-control.

Drug dependence vs drug abuse

Dependence is body adaptation to a drug; abuse is harmful use without addiction necessarily.

DSM-5 criteria for diagnosing SUD

A set of 11 criteria, with severity classified as mild (2-3 symptoms), moderate (4-5 symptoms), or severe (6+ symptoms).

Tolerance in substance use

Need for increasing amounts of a substance to achieve the same effect.

Withdrawal

Physical and psychological symptoms occurring when stopping or reducing drug use.

Prefrontal cortex's role

Regulates impulse control and decision-making, impaired in addiction.

Dopamine system in addiction

Reinforces drug-taking behavior by linking substance use to pleasure and reward.

Diathesis-Stress Model in addiction

Explains addiction as an interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental stressors.

Risk of opioid withdrawal

Dehydration, which can be fatal if untreated.

Early childhood trauma and addiction risk

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) increase vulnerability to substance use disorders.

Opioids vs opiates

Opiates are naturally derived from the opium poppy, while opioids include synthetic substances.

Public health emergency declaration for opioid epidemic (2017)

Due to the significant increase in opioid-related overdoses and deaths.

Medication-Assisted Treatment (MAT)

Use of FDA-approved medications (e.g., methadone, buprenorphine) along with counseling for opioid use disorder.

Methadone's role in opioid addiction

Reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms without producing a strong high.

Controversy surrounding supervised injection sites

Critics argue they encourage drug use, while proponents focus on harm reduction and overdose prevention.

Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS) significance

Condition in newborns withdrawing due to prenatal opioid exposure.

Long-term effects of fetal opioid exposure

Increased risk of cognitive deficits, behavioral issues, and developmental delays.

Wernicke-Korsakoff Syndrome

Severe neurological disorder from chronic alcohol use and thiamine deficiency leading to cognitive impairment.

Genetics in addiction

Studies show a high heritability rate (60-80%) for substance use disorders.

Dangers of alcohol mixed with caffeine

Caffeine masks alcohol's sedative effects, increasing overdose risk.

Purpose of harm reduction strategies

Minimize negative consequences of drug use instead of solely focusing on abstinence.

Goal of naltrexone in addiction treatment

Blocks pleasurable effects of substances, reducing cravings and relapse risk.

Social factors in SUDs

Peer pressure, trauma, socioeconomic factors, and family environment influence addiction risk.

Fentanyl vs other opioids

Fentanyl is 100 times stronger than morphine, with a high overdose risk.

Gut-liver-brain axis significance

Highlights how gut microbiota influence cognition, mood, and addictive behaviors.

Types of behavioral addictions

Gambling, binge eating, pornography, internet gaming, and compulsive shopping.

Connection between prenatal stress and addiction risk

High maternal stress predisposes children to substance use disorders later in life.

Incarcerated individuals' overdose risk post-release

They often lose tolerance while in prison and may overdose upon relapse.

1995 'Pain as the 5th Vital Sign' significance

Contributed to opioid overprescription by prioritizing patient-reported pain levels.

Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) vs binge drinking

AUD is chronic, characterized by compulsive drinking and life impairment.

Cognitive impairments in long-term alcohol use

Includes memory loss, impaired decision-making, and decreased executive function.

Stigma's impact on addiction treatment

Discourages help-seeking behavior and reduces funding for harm reduction.

Naloxone's role in overdose prevention

Rapidly reverses opioid overdose effects by restoring normal breathing.

Primary withdrawal symptoms of alcohol

Shaking, sweating, nausea, seizures, and potentially delirium tremens.

2023 policy change for opioid addiction treatment

Elimination of the X-waiver requirement for prescribing buprenorphine.

Correlation of SUDs with mental health conditions

High rates of comorbidity with depression, anxiety, often fueling substance abuse.

Importance of early intervention in SUDs

Addressing risk factors early reduces likelihood of long-term addiction.