WHAP Midterm Review Unit 4

What time period is Unit 4?

1450-1750

What happened in Unit 4?

Sea based empires developed and expanded

Did Muslims control land or sea?

Land

Did Europe control land or sea?

Sea

Who was active in the Indian Ocean?

Europe

What were the 2 motives of India Ocean trade?

Wealth and Converts

What was exchanged with the Americas?

Sugar, Tobacco, Rum

What was exchanged with Africa?

Enslaved People

What was exchanged with Asia?

Silk, Spices, Rhubarb

What technology was developed during this time period?

Naval Technology

Who was Prince Henry the Navigator?

A Portuguese Prince who supported exploration, specifically to the Western coast of Africa. He also sponsored many expeditions and imported slaves

What was the purpose of the Astronomical Chart?

To help guide ships; developed in the 17th century

What was the purpose of the magnetic compass and astrolabe?

To help sailors pinpoint their location

How were ships different during the time period 1450-1750?

They were small, fast, cheap merchant ships that could be changed into war ships.

What is the Lateen sail?

A triangular shaped sail that harnessed winds from both sides

Who developed the Lateen Sail?

Arab and Chinese sailors

Where was the Lateen sail used?

The Indian Ocean

How long was the Carrack?

150 feet

What sails were used and how many masts did the Carrack have?

Square and Lateen sails on 3-4 masts

What was the purpose of the Carrack?

Trade

What country used the Carrack?

Portugal

During what centuries was the Carrack used?

14th-17th centuries

How long was the Caravel?

75 feet

What sails were used and how many masts did the Caravel use?

Lateen sails on 2-3 masts

What was the purpose of the Caravel?

Long voyages at great speeds

What countries used the Caravel?

Portugal and Spain

During what centuries was the Caravel used?

15th-17th centuries

How long was the Fluyt?

80 feet

What sails were used and how many masts did the Fluyt have?

Square sails with 2-3 masts

What was the purpose of the Fluyt?

Trade

What country used the Fluyt?

Dutch

During what centuries was the Fluyt used?

16th-17th centuries

Why did monarchs centralize their power?

To have more power over states

What is a joint stock company?

a limited liability business that was funded by private investors, and people only lost/gained what they put into the company

Were joint stock companies more or less powerful than state sponsored explorations?

More

What were the causes of exploration?

Adoption/Innovation of maritime technology, growth of state power (monarchy), mercantilism

Which explorer was from Spain?

Christopher Columbus

What year did Christopher Columbus sail?

1492

What region did Christopher Columbus sail in?

Caribbean Sea

What was the impact of Christopher Columbus?

It led Spain to colonize the Americas

Which explorer is from England?

John Cabot

Which explorer is from Portugal?

Pedro Cabral

Which explorer is from France?

Jacques Cartier

Which explorer is from Holland (Dutch)?

Henry Hudson

What year did John Cabot sail?

1497

What year did Pedro Cabral sail?

1500

What year did Jacques Cartier sail?

1535

What year did Henry Hudson sail?

1609

What region did John Cabot cover?

Canada

What region did Pedro Cabral cover?

Brazil

What region did Jacques Cartier cover?

St. Lawrence River

What region did Henry Hudson cover?

New York

What impact did John Cabot make?

He claimed Canada from England

What impact did Pedro Cabral make?

He strengthened Portugal’s claim on Brazil

What impact did Jacques Cartier make?

He claimed Canada for France

What impact did Henry Hudson make?

He led Holland to found New Amsterdam

Where did Christopher Columbus land?

In the Carribean Islands

What did Europe bring to the America during the Columbian Exchange?

Smallpox, Sugar, Horses, Meat

How did the Columbian Exchange affect the Americas?

The food surplus led natives to focus on art and spirituality

What was brought from the Americas to Europe in the Columbian Exchange?

Syphilis, Tomatoes, Maize, Guinea Pigs, Potatoes, Beans, Peppers, Cacao

How did the Columbian Exchange affect Europe?

Led to a new diet and population growth

What type of slavery became popular from the Atlantic Slave Trade?

Chattel Slavery

What led to the use of slavery in the Americas?

Agriculture

Why were natives not used as slaves in the Americas?

The indigenous people died from European diseases

Why did the American colonies exist?

To serve the mother country

What sort of power was used by Europe?

Imperial Power

How did Portugal impact ships and sailing?

They brought many experts

What empire did Portugal have?

A trading post empire

Where were Portugal’s trading posts located?

the Western African coast and Brazil

Who was Bartholomew Diaz?

a Portuguese explorer who sailed the southern tip of Africa

Who was Vasco de Gama?

a Portuguese explorer who sailed farther than Bartholomew Diaz and landed in India. He claimed ports in India for Portugal

Who was Ferdinand Magellan?

A Portuguese explorer who was the first to circumnavigate the globe

How did Spain contribute to exploration?

They caused the New World Voyages to multiply.

Which country opened the Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade?

Spain

Where did Spain set up and what did they enforce?

Set up in the Philippines and enforced a tribute system and forced labor

Where was France located in the New World and what did they do there?

France was in Canada and participated in fur trade

Who ruled England during the time of exploration?

Queen Elizabeth I

Who established the first English colony in the Americas?

Sir Walter Raleigh?

What was the first English Colony and where was it located?

Jamestown in Roanoke Island, Virginia

Where did England have its trading posts?

India

What did the Dutch colonize?

New Amsterdam

What type of trade were the Dutch involved in?

Spice trade

Who was Zheng He?

a Chinese explorer who sailed to open trade networks and spread Chinese culture

What traveled to the Americas via the Columbian Exchange and what effect did this have?

Diseases (smallpox, measles, malaria) leading to the Great Dying

What was the effect of exchanging food and plants in the Columbian Exchange?

healther, longer lifespans, increased populations

What crops were grown in the Americas?

Cash Crops

What effect did horses have in the Americas?

it improved hunting

Why and how did Japan resisted the expansion of Europe?

Japan did not want Christianity to spread, so they isolated themselves

What caused French nobles to rebel?

Increased Taxes

How did enslaved people resist expansion?

They escaped and became Maroons (escaped slaves). This led to many rebellions with Queen Nanny as the leader.

What was the Asante Empire?

They provided gold, ivory, and enslaved people. They reason they were rich was due to their location

What was the Kingdom of Kongo?

A kingdom that provided gold, copper, and enslaved people. They converted to Christianity and were rich by location

What was the change in Indian Ocean Trade networks during the time period 1450-1750?

The entrance and grabs of major European states

What were the continuities of the Indian Ocean trade networks during the time period 1450-1750?

-Middle Eastern, South Asian, East Asian, and Southeast Asian merchants continued to use this network

-Long established merchants like the Gujaratis continue to make use of network

-Despite growing European dominance on the sea, overland routes like Silk Roads were still almost entirely controlled by Asian powers

-Peasant and artisan labor continued in many regions for food and goods increased by multiplying trade connections

What were the main goods in the Atlantic trade system?

Sugar and Silver

How did silver affect economies?

was mined in the Americas, which helped Spain’s economy until it led to inflation

What type of coerced labor became popular from the Atlantic trades?

forced indigenous labor, indentured servitude, african slavery

What was the Mit’a system?

Subjects provide labor on state projects for certain time per year (came from Incas, used by Spanish)

What was Chattel slavery?

Purchaser has total ownership of slave, race-based and hereditary (property for life)

What was caused by Chattel Slavery?

gender imbalance, polygyny, cultural synthesis