Cardiovascular System Test

3 Parts of the System

The Heart (muscle responsible for most of the circulation, movement of blood),

Blood Vessels (tubes that keep the blood tidy, contains the blood so it’s more efficiently moved around), and

Blood (mixture of fluids and cells that carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, most cells stay in the blood vessels but the fluids and gases can fit through the gaps in the vessels, diffusion)

Closed Circulatory System

A system where blood stays inside the pipes (vessels) and doesn't splash around inside the body.

Functions

Transportation (nutrients, waste, gases, fluids, minerals, etc)., transport cells to appropriate places,transport horomones throughout the body)

Thermoregulation (temperature control),

Vasoconstriction vs. Vasodilation

Vasoconstriction makes vessels skinny to raise pressure; Vasodilation makes them wide to lower pressure.

Thermoregulation

Blood moves to the skin to let heat out when you're hot, and stays in the core to keep you warm when you're cold.

Plasma Contents

The yellow liquid carrying substances of blood carrying Water, Salts, Lipids, Glucose, Amino Acids, Hormones, and Urea.

Erythrocytes & Oxyhemoglobin

RBCs are Erythrocytes. When their Hemoglobin protein grabs oxygen, it is called Oxyhemoglobin.

Biconcave Shape

The flat donut shape that gives RBCs more room for oxygen and lets them fold through tiny spots. Large surface area and faster oxygen diffusion.

Leukocytes & Phagocytosis

Leukocytes are White Blood Cells which are part of the immune system. Their job is to defend the body against pathogens (disease-causing microoorganisms). Unlike RBCs, white blood cells contain a nucleus.

Phagocytosis is when white blood cells eat and digest germs to protect you.

Steps:

1. Pathogen detected

2. White blood cell surrounds it

3. Pathogen is destroyed

Platelets & Activation

Small pieces that hep your blood clot when you get a cut. Platelets are not full cells. They are small fragments of cells. They do not contain a nucleus. It is activated when tissue damage stops inhibitor signals. They are Small pieces that turn into sticky stars (Activation) to clump together and stop bleeding.

Function: Blood Clotting

1. Platelets rush to the wound

2. They stick together

3. A clot forms, this stops bleeding

Pericardium vs. Myocardium

Pericardium is the outer sac; Myocardium is the actual heart muscle.

Atrium vs. Ventricle vs. Auricle

Atrium is the top receiving room

4 Valves of the Heart

Tricuspid and Pulmonary (Right side); Mitral/Bicuspid and Aortic (Left side)

Bicuspid Valve

This is just another name for the Mitral Valve

Chordae Tendineae & Septum

Chordae Tendineae are strings that hold valves; Septum is the wall that keeps clean and dirty blood separate.

The Right Side Path

Vena Cava -> Right Atrium -> Tricuspid -> Right Ventricle -> Pulmonary Valve -> Pulmonary Artery (to lungs).

The Left Side Path

Pulmonary Veins -> Left Atrium -> Mitral -> Left Ventricle -> Aortic Valve -> Aorta (to body).

Arteries vs. Arterioles

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, usually full of oxygen and are the big outbound pipes; Arterioles are the smaller exit ramps leading to capillaries.

Capillaries vs. Venules vs. Veins

Capillaries are tiny vessels where oxygen enters your tissues

Veins carry blood to the heart, usually low on oxygen.

Systole vs. Diastole

Systole is the heart squeezing (work) and blood is pumped into arteries and pressure raises.

Diastole is when the heart relaxes and chambers refill with blood, and pressure falls. Lowest pressure = diastolic pressure. The heart spends more time relaxing than contracting.

Heart Time Ratio

The heart spends 1/3 of its time squeezing (Systole) and 2/3 of its time resting (Diastole).

Brachial Artery

The specific spot in the upper arm where blood pressure is measured.

Coronary Arteries

The pipes that give the heart muscle its own oxygenated blood first so it can keep working.

Why the LV wall is thickest

The Left Ventricle has to push blood all the way to your toes, while the Right side only pushes to the lungs.

Thrombocytes

The scientific name for Platelets. They are the cell fragments that help your blood clump together to stop bleeding.

Double Circulation

The heart pumps blood in two separate loops at the same time: one to the lungs and one to the rest of the body.

Hemoglobin

The special protein magnet inside red blood cells that specifically holds onto oxygen molecules

Apex of the Heart

The very bottom, pointed tip of the heart