APUSH Terms (Period 6)

PERIOD 6

1865———1898

[Year Civil War Ended]————[Start of Spanish-American War]

OVERLAPS PERIOD 5

Context of Period 6

• “40 acres and a mule” plan fell through for freedmen

  • In the Great American Desert

• Movement West

  • Incentive=Silver

  • Comstock Lode

• Mining became mass-production industry

  • Finite

  • Boomtowns/Helldorados

• Transcontinental Railroad

  • Allowed military to suppress native uprisings

  • 1862 Pacific Railroad Act

• Homestead Act

• New Agricultural Inventions

  • The Sodbuster

  • Refrigerated Car

  • Barbed Wire Fencing

• Farmer Grievances

  • Primary grievance=Railroads

    • Charged higher rates for farm goods than other goods

  • Banks also charged farmers high interest rates (some as high as 25%)

Great American Desert

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Name for Great Plains bc they were arid and had water/timber scarcity, which made traditional pioneer living a challenge

Comstock Lode

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Richest concentration of silver ever found

• Wealth produced was LARGER than the California Gold Rush of 1848-1849

Boomtowns

PERIOD 6:

• Also known as “Helldorados”

• Fell into dismay as quickly as they were built 

  • American laws didn’t apply

  • EXAMPLE: Deadwood South Dakota 

1862 Pacific Railroads Act

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Act passed by President Lincoln which allowed for the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad

Homestead Act

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Law that encouraged westward expansion

Fed. gov. gave free land but REQUIRED:

• You to build a house

  • Minimum size (12 x 14ft)

• Live in house 6 months of the year

• Farm land 5 years in a row before ownership set

• TARGETS FREEDMEN/POOR

60% OF WESTERN MIGRANTS FAILED

The Sodbuster

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Deep Plow

• 1868

• “Sodbuster”=name given to West migrants

Refrigerated Car

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Insulated train car with ice-bunkers to transport fresh meat and produce

• 1877

• Increased revenue

  • Could sell to new market

• Increased population

  • Foods like fruits and meat contained vitamins and protein, improving health

Barbed Wire Fencing

PERIOD 6:

• Invented by Joseph Glidden

  • Had relatively low cost

  • Innovative as it replaced wood fencing

  • Destructive effect on natural ecosystem 

  • Referred to as “The devil’s Rope” by N.Americans

Farmers’ Alliances

PERIOD 6:

• The Grange Movement=Starts America’s 1st major labor movement

  • GOAL=Regulating rates charged by railroads and warehouses

  • Involved ALL→Women and A.Americans

• Granger Laws=Strictly regulated railroad rates 

  • Worker complaints about working conditions=massive labor unrest through late 19th Century

Immigrants

PERIOD 6:

• Mostly Irish and Chinese

• In Nebraska, 25% of residents were foreign-born 

• Foreign miners tax targeted Chinese immigrants

Benjamin “Pap” Singleton

PERIOD 6:

• Foremost promoter of black migration and founder of Dunlap Community

Dunlap Community

PERIOD 6:

• Located in Kansas

• All black community (by choice)

• Settlers called Exodusters

Cowboys

PERIOD 6:

• Relied on cattle ranching 

• MAJORITY WERE MEXICAN OR BLACK

• Texas Longhorn=most sought after for their beef/hide

• “Law of the Open Range”=Allowed cattle to roam & graze freely w/o being fenced in

Causes of American Buffalo decline?

PERIOD 6:

• Drought

• Competition for forage

• HUMAN INTERACTION→Killed them for…

  • Sport

  • Hides

  • Depriving Indians of food to force Natives on gov. reservations

  • So they didn’t block railroads

What was the wild buffalo count from 1750 to 1900?

1750=30 million

1900=less than 100

Indian Wars

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Final, violent collection of battles where Plains Tribes resisted westward expansion on their lands

“Middle Ground”

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Land between Indian and White settlements

1st Treaty of Fort Laramie

PERIOD 6:

• 1851

DECIDED:

• N. Americans given control of Lakota Territory 

• U.S. agreed to make annual payments of $50,000 dollars to native tribes for next 50 years (later 10)

• U.S allowed to build forts & roads, just not

• Tribes agreed to not disrupt settlers routes (Oregon Territory)

Dakota Sioux Uprising

PERIOD 6:

• Led by Chief Little Crow

  • Tried to limit the violence

  • 100 white settlers killed by natives

• Military courts sentenced 303 Dakota Sioux to death for their roles in uprising

  • After reviewing all 303 trial records, President Lincoln ordered 38 be hung

  • Largest mass execution in U.S. History

Native Reaction to Dakota Sioux Uprising

PERIOD 6:

=N.Americans attacked U.S. troops at Ft. Lyon in Colorado

-Around 100 U.S. troops died

Sand Creek Massacre

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Reaction to native attack at Ft. Lyon Colorado

• 1864

• The U.S. forced the Natives to surrender territory

  • Violated the 1st treaty of Ft. Laramie 

• US forces retaliated and attacked the unsuspecting Cheyenne

  • Killed 150 natives (mostly women and children)  

BRUTAL ATTACK; SHATTERED TRUST

2nd Treaty of Fort Laramie

PERIOD 6:

• 1868

• Signed after many other broken treaties

• Also called Sioux Treaty 

• Guaranteed ownership of the Black Hills=ancestor cemetery

• Prohibited US from taking land from Natives without support from ¾ of adult male Natives

What led to the breaking of the 2nd Treaty of Ft. Laramie?

PERIOD 6:

General George Custer led an expedition of miners to search for rumored gold in Black Hills

General George Custer

PERIOD 6:

• Civil War veteran 

• Graduated last in his class at West Pt. 

• Sent by his commanders to the frontier to get him away from Washington DC

Battle of Little Big Horn

PERIOD 6:

=Battle of the Great Sioux War

• June 25, 1876

• Fought because GOLD was found in the Black Hills

  • U.S. Army was brought in to claim the land and forcibly relocate Native tribes

• Became known as “Custer’s Last Stand”

  • Indians killed Gen. Cluster and all 210 of his men

  • LARGEST and LAST Indian victory in the Indian Wars

The Ghost Dance

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Week-long celebration of hope for when:

• Natives will be reunited with ancestors 

• Bring buffalo back

• Drive out whites 

• Return to traditional ways 

  • U.S. military banned the dance, viewing it as a threat

  • LED TO WOUNDED KNEE MASSACRE

Chief Sitting Bull

PERIOD 6:

=A pivotal Lakota Sioux spiritual leader and chief

Wounded Knee Massacre

PERIOD 6:

• December 19, 1890

• Soldiers fired into a group of Indians who had come to surrender

  • BLOODBATH (150—300 Lakota Indians died)

Geronimo

PERIOD 6:

=Apache chief who raided white settlers in the Southwest as resistance to being confined to a reservation

Chief Joseph

PERIOD 6:

=Leader of Nez Perce (tribe) fled with his tribe to Canada instead of reservations 

Helen Hunt Jackson

PERIOD 6:

=White American that wrote “A Century of Dishonor (1881)”

• =Book exposing the shameful way the U.S. Gov. and the Army had treated the Indians

-Jackson urged Congress to make amends to try and find a new approach to native relations

The Dawes Act

PERIOD 6:

• 1887

=Forced the assimilation of N.Americans into mainstream American society by breaking up tribal Strictures

• Act broke up reservations by granting 160 acres each, to the head of the family

• Gov. held deeds to the property and would transfer ownership after 25 years 

• Was reversed 1934

Ways of Assimilating the Indians?

• Dawes Act

• Burke Act

• Education

  • 25 federally funded non-reservation schools across the country by 1902 aimed to “rescue children”

Burke Act

PERIOD 6:

• 1906

DEFINITION: Granted immediate citizenship to any Indian who took up life apart from their tribes 

Carlisle Indian School

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Government-funded boarding school in Pennsylvania

Slogan= ”Kill the Indian, Save the Man”

Graduation: Last Arrow Ceremony=Students would dress traditionally and symbolically shoot arrow

Frederick Jackson Turner’s Frontier Thesis?

=The idea that the frontier has gone, closing the first period of American history 

Who were political and social leaders of period 6?

• Ida B. Wells

• Booker T. Washington

• W.E.B. Dubois

Ida B. Wells

PERIOD 6:

=investigative journalist, educator, and a foundational leader for Civil Rights 

• Born into slavery

  • 3 of her close friends were lynched in 1892, causing her to look into lynchings in the South 

• Considered “Princess of the Press”

• Raised a great deal of public awareness about horrors of lynching

IDA B. WELLS=LYNCHINGS

What 2 famous books did Ida B. Wells publish?

PERIOD 5:
=Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases (1892)

• Charge of “rape”=smokescreen that allowed black men to be executed

• Victims were targeted based on higher economic status

• Argued that only was to stop a mob was for Blacks to arm themselves 

=Red Record (1895)

• Uses data and statistics to overwhelm critics

• Over 10,000 reported lynchings, only 3 white men were ever found guilty 

Booker T. Washington

PERIOD 6:

=founder of a trade school for Freedmen (Tuskegee Institute)

—-Believed the way to racial equality was through vocational education and economic success 

• Born into slavery in Virginia; achieved freedom through 13 amendment

• Walked 500 miles to Hampton University 

  • Admissions officers gave him the “broom test”; he swept until spotless

REALIZED:

• Hard work=success

• Whites will respect blacks that do the hard work

• Accepted and advocated for social separation

What famous speech did Booker T. Washington give?

= “Atlanta Compromise Speech” →Accepted and advocated for social separation

• Most famous Black leader in America

• First black man to dine at white house

W.E.B. Dubois

PERIOD 6:

=Started what would become the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

• HATES Booker T. Washington bc he was too assimilationist and not combative enough 

• Argued that Blacks will only be respected through political action 

• Had “Talented Tenth” belief

What belief did W.E.B. Dubois have regarding education/grades?

=“Talented Tenth”

• Whites would only look at the top 10%, so all Blacks would have to be doing well in order to effect any change

What famous book did W.E.B. Dubois write?

PERIOD 6:

• “The Souls of Black Folk”=urged A.Americans to demand civil rights, equality, and social justice=DON’T BACK DOWN

Gilded Age

PERIOD 6:

=Period when corruption existed in society but was overshadowed by the wealth of the period

What does “Gilded” mean?

=When something is gold or beautiful

Some inventors of period 6?

PERIOD 6:

-Thomas Edison

-Alexander Graham Bell

-Henry Ford

-Samuel Morse 

Thomas Edison

=Perfected the light bulb and motion picture

Alexander Graham Bell

=Telephone

Henry Ford

=Assembly line

Samuel Morse

=telegraph

Entrepreneur

DEFINITION: Someone who is already wealthy but goes and invests in other companies

Top 3 Entrepreneurs in period 6?

1. John D. Rockefeller

2. Andrew Carnegie

3. J.P. Morgan

John D. Rockefeller

PERIOD 6:

=Born from middle class→worked his way up the ranks

• Moved to Cleveland, Ohio 

• He formed Standard Oil Company by buying out the competition 

  • He then SET a $$$ price for oil

• By 1880’s, Standard Oil controlled 90-95% of the oil refining in the country 

SYNONYMOUS WITH OIL TRUST

Andrew Carnegie

PERIOD 6:

=Born from poverty in Scotland; immigrated to U.S. at age of 12

• Bessemer Process=way to turn iron into steel making it stronger and more workable 

• Founder of Carnegie Steel

SYNONYMOUS WITH STEEL INDUSTRY

J.P. Morgan

PERIOD 6:

=Born from extreme wealth

• Was an investor banker 

  • Helped companies sell stock or bonds to public/private investors to fund growth

• Morgan bought out Carnegie’s huge steel and iron holdings in 1901, becoming first billionaire 

SYNONYMOUS WITH BANKING

Montgomery Ward

PERIOD 6:

=Founded Montgomery Ward Company→essentially “online store”

• Sold goods at a 40% discount through mail-order catalogs

• Slogan= “Satisfaction, or your money back”

• Headquarters in Chicago

  • Mix of major urban area and could easily supply Homesteaders out west

Revolutionizes farming industry  

Sears & Roebuck

PERIOD 6:

=Founded Sears and Roebuck Category→essentially first “Amazon”

• 786 pages long

  • Became the single most widely read book in the nation after the Bible 

• One could buy everything they need from the cradle to the grave 

• By 1907 Sears had become one of the largest business enterprises in the nation while helping create a truly national market 

  • EX: Out of every 3 was a Kenmore appliance

How was Sears different from Montgomery Ward Company?

ADVERTISING!!!!!

• Purposely made catalogs smaller so they would be placed on top 

• Gave discounts if you shared with neighbor

• Allowed anonymous purchases (Dominated A.American market)

• Allowed customers to “Buy Now, Pay Later”

• Lifetime warranty 

Laissez Faire Government

=Government keeps its hands off business, except to protect private property, allowing open competition

2 Types of Monopolies?

• Vertical Integration

• Horizontal Integration

Monopolies always benefit businesses, never consumers

Vertical Integration

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: The company owns all the different businesses on which it depends for its operation 

• Type of monopoly

• Saves money in long-run

EXAMPLE: Carnegie Steel

Horizontal Integration

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Combined a number of firms engaged in the same enterprise into a single corporation

• Type of Monopoly

EXAMPLE:

-Rockefeller

-Consolidation of many different railroad lines into one company

Trust

DEFINITION: Mechanism by which one company grants control over its operations through ownership of its stock to another company 

• Essentially monopoly you sell

  • Think of like stocks

Imperialism

DEFINITION: U.S. gov. Began to look at foreign markets for people to buy their products

EXAMPLE: Rockefeller invested in Mexican oil fields 

Example of philanthropy in period 6?

PERIOD 6:

=Carnegie

• Wrote book called “Gospel of Wealth”

• Believed rich have a moral obligation to give away their fortunes 

• Gave away over $350 million during his lifetime

  • Ex. Carnegie Hall

Standard of Living in Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:

• Standard of living improved, saw increase in middle class

• Wages rose 87% during Gilded Age 

  • Gap between rich and poor continued 

• The richest 2% of American families owned more than ⅓ of the nation's physical wealth (top 10 owned almost ¾’s of it)

• 88% (especially families) in the US were living on $380/year in income 

• 1 out of every 5 women worked 

  • LESS women in workforce

Working Conditions in Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:

• In 1913, 25,000 workplace facilities had 700,000 job-related injuries that required at least four weeks’ disability

• Poor health and safety conditions

• No workmen’s compensation program

  • Highest accident rate in the world

• Unskilled/Uneducated workers were viewed as cogs in machines in growing factories=easily replaceable 

Child Labor in Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:

• By 1880, 1 out of every 6 children in nation was working full-time

• By 1900, there were 2 million child laborers 

  • (12 hrs/dy, 6 dys/wk)

  • Education/literacy rates plummeted

• A child working in textile mill was only half as likely to reach the age of 20 as a child outside a mill

• Individual states could make their own laws for child labor 

What are the 6 components of Labor in the Gilded Age?

1) Standard of Living

• Rose

2) Working Conditions

• Poor, especially for immigrants

3) Child Labor

• Caused them to miss out on education

4) Disorganized Protest

• Led to skewed perception of workers (especially immigrants)

5) Creation of Permanent Unions

• Helped workers achieve some leverage for improved conditions

6) Government Response

Disorganized protest in Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:

1) Molly Maguires:

DEFINITION: An Irish society located in the coal region of Pennsylvania (bc railroads needed coal)

2) The Great Railroad Strike of 1877:

DEFINITION: 1ST major interstate strike in American history

Molly Maguires

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: An Irish society located in the coal region of Pennsylvania (bc railroads needed coal)

• Used intimidation & targeted assassinations in their Battle with coal operators; murdered 24 supervisors

• Sent “Coffin Notices”=Death Threats

• Busted by James McParland=Detective that infiltrated the Mollies and found evidence of murder plots

  • 24 convicted, 10 hung

The Great Railroad Strike of 1877

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: 1ST major interstate strike in American history

CAUSE: Major Eastern rail lines cutting wages after Panic of 1837

• Prompted workers in Martinsburg, West VA to walk off job and block tracks

  • Turned into a mob that burned and plundered railroad property

• Spread to 100’s of cities/towns, leaving 100’s dead and millions of $ in property destroyed

  • “Most horrible [scene] ever witnessed, except in the carnage of war.”

Result of Great Railroad Strike?

PERIOD 6:

• Public opinion tended to blame the workers for looting and violence

  • “This may be the beginning of a great civil war in this country btw labor & capital.”

Demonstrated potential union strength and need for tighter organization

Creation of Permanent Unions in Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:
A) Knights of Labor

B) American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Knights of Labor

PERIOD 6:
DEFINITION: National Labor Union founded under the leadership of Uriah S. Stephens

• Membership was open to all those who “toiled” (all inclusive)

• Championed for 8-hour workdays and the abolition of child labor

  • More focus on long-range economic reform

• Moved out into the open & entered a period of significant expansion under leadership of Terence v. Powderly

*Membership in early 1880s increased to +700,000, but tanked in 1886 after the Haymarket Riot

• Was unfairly blamed on this organization

Haymarket Square Riot

PERIOD 6:

• Blamed on the Knights of Labor

CAUSE: Workers found out that McCormick Harvesting Machine Co. was only making Irish immigrants work 10+ hours a day

1. Police had to break up a fight that had started.

   1. 2 workers died; several injured

2. Meeting was called for May 4th @ 7:30 pm to protest police brutality

3. Speakers August Spies, A.R Parsons, and Samuel Fielden gave speeches calling workers to unite and go on strike until they had better working conditions

4. Police showed up and demanded crowd to go home

5. Unknown person threw TNT into crowd, causing police to open fire and beat crowd after death of one of their officers

   1. 4 workers and 6 police=dead; hundreds injured

6. Police were quick to blame riots on anarchists & socialists (groups largely made up of immigrants)

7. 8 men arrested, 5 that weren’t even at riot

   1. 1 committed suicide in jail

   2. 4 sentenced to death

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

PERIOD 6:

DEFINITION: Federation of 20 craft unions (unions of SKILLED workers each representing a particular trade)

• Founded by Samuel Gompers in 1886

• Focused on basic economic issues like 8 hour work days and higher wages

• Gompers was able to negotiate with employers more effectively because their skilled laborers were not easily replaced

  • Used tactic of collective bargaining to make modest gains

Government Response in the Gilded Age?

PERIOD 6:

• Decisively sided with big business

PULLMAN STRIKE:

• Pullman Car workers went on strike after a 25% wage cut 

  • Strike received support from the American Railway Union and its President Eugene V. Debs  

  • Pullman Car=luxury cars; perfect for long journeys

• LED to In re Debs= court case that ruled that the federal government had the power to stop strike that interfered with interstate commerce

LAST STRIKE WITH COMPANY IN INTERSTATE COMMERCE

How did George M. Pullman trap his workers?

PERIOD 6:

• Pullman established Factory Town of Pullman, IL= employees needed to live within these boundaries

  • Laborers could only pay in PULLMAN DOLLARS

Immigration in Period 6 (Gilded Age)?

• LARGEST growth of immigrants

  • 2,000 immigrants PER DAY

“Old Immigrants”

PERIOD 6:

• From northern and western Europe 

• Most Christian 

• Irish and German

• Settled in urban areas 

“New Immigrants”

PERIOD 6:

• From Southern and Eastern Europe 

• Nationalities include:

  • Italians, Russians, Poles, Slovaks, Hungarians

• IF they even have a religion=Jewish

• Many were from monarchies or dictatorships

  • Would be labeled socialist and anarchists

• Settled in Cities

How did the “New” Immigrants differ from the “Old” Immigrants?

• Location

• Religion

• Government practices

Push Factors for “New” Immigrants?

PERIOD 6:

• Political Conflicts (War) 

  • Ex. Balkans

• Religious discrimination 

  • Mostly Jewish

• Poverty 

• Competition for space 

Pull Factors for “New” Immigrants?

PERIOD 6:

American Dream

• Reason for this: Andrew Carnegie

  • Saw him as an example of an immigrant from poverty

  • Moving to cities= jobs, cheaper rent, ability to retain cultural identity 

New Tech=From clipper ships to ocean liners 

• Allowed for safer, easier, and cheaper transport 

Statue of Liberty

PERIOD 6:
=Gift to the US from France

• “White elephant gift”=burden 

INTENDED TO CELEBRATE:
1. Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence 

2. Abolition in the US

3. NOT IMMIGRATION

• France only gave us the head and arm with torch→America needed to finance the rest 

  • Joseph Pulitzer crowd funded the construction, New Yorkers chipped in 

• Sat in crates for almost a decade→Copper started to patina

• Nicknames “New Colossus”

The New Colossus

PERIOD 6:

• Nickname for Statue of Liberty

  • Refers to poem written by Emma Lazarus 

    • Reimagined the statue as the “Mother of Exiles”

    • “Give me your tired, your poor...”

      • Contrary to American Immigrant policy

The OId Colossus

PERIOD 6:
=Colossus of Rhodes

• One of seven wonders of the Ancient World

• Gatekeep/keep people out

  • Selective shipping in the Mediterranean 

Ellis Island

PERIOD 6:
DEFINITION: Name of processing facility for anyone entering the East coast of US 

• Given a “six-second physical”

  • Those unable to pass visual inspection would be detained and deported 

    • Became smokescreen for denying entry based on bias 

Angel Island

PERIOD 7:

DEFINITION: West Coast processing facility 

• “Ellis Island of the West”

• Mainly Asian Immigrants (CHINESE, Japanese, etc.)

Growth of Urbanization in Period 6 (Gilded Age)?

• We shift from a RURAL to URBAN Nation 

  • 6 million urban to 44 million

• Cities offered safe haven

Ethnic-City

PERIOD 6:

=Immigrants formed close-knit communities within the cities in neighborhoods often called “immigrant ghettoes”

• Allowed you to practice your own culture without persecution

• Newspapers, theaters, & traffic signs were in native languages 

• Cultural Cohesiveness

Urban Conditions in Period 6 (Gilded Age)?

• Filthy and disease ridden 

  • Overflowed with garbage, contaminated water, untreated sewage

  • Required outhouses and rat catchers

• Providing clean water =Chronic Problem 

  • Water-borne Diseases: Cholera=bacterial infection of the small intestines

• Bubbly Creek:

  • Creek where the sewage and industrial runoff were so thick that you could stand on it

  • River bubbles because of pollution from meat packaging industry

→Solved problem by reversing the flow of the Chicago River with canal 

Bubbly Creek

PERIOD 6:

• Creek where the sewage and industrial runoff were so thick that you could stand on it

• River bubbles because of pollution from meat packaging industry

→Solved problem by reversing the flow of the Chicago River with canal 

Cholera

DEFINITION: Bacterial infection of the intestines

• Prominent in “immigrant ghettoes”

George Wring

 PERIOD 6:

→Founder of NY Sanitation Department

→Called “Apostle of Cleanliness”

• Started to develop first sewage system 

  • Changed course and made it a subway