Science 2023 review

What percentage of the atmosphere is composed of oxygen?

21 percent

The lowest layer of Earth’s atmosphere, the one directly above the ground, is called the

troposphere.

What is the source of the energy that drives air movement in the troposphere and influences weather and climate?

sun

Carbon-containing fuels, or fossil fuels, formed millions of years ago from the remains of

living organism

How does carbon monoxide affect human health?

It interferes with the body’s ability to deliver oxygen to cells.

Normal precipitation has a pH of about 5.6. What pH might acid precipitation have?

4\.6

Pollutants are removed or changed chemically before they leave factory smokestacks by a(n)

scrubber

Ozone depletion was caused by the following chemicals, which were used in refrigerators and aerosol spray cans.

chlorofluorocarbons

In which main layer of Earth’s atmosphere does most weather occur?

troposphere

What is the source of most air pollution?

combustion of fossil fuels

What atmospheric condition caused London’s “killer smog” of 1952 and regularly causes smog buildup in some cities, such as Los Angeles and Mexico City?

temperature inversion

The pH scale is used to measure

whether solutions are acidic or alkaline.

Which of the following is a provision of the Clean Air Act?

It prevents states and Native American tribes from developing pollution regulations.

A device in a motor vehicle that reduces the amount of air pollutants in emissions is a(n)

catalytic converter.

The ozone hole was located primarily above

Antarctica.

Which approach to resource management aims to harvest resources in ways that minimize impact on the ecosystem and processes that provide the resource?

ecosystem-based management

Which of the following is an economic value of forests?

they provide wood

The clearing of a forest and its replacement by another land use is called

deforestation.

Under the National Forest Management Act, national forests

can be harvested only where soils will not be irreversibly damaged.

Which phrase is true for private logging operations?

produces a monoculture

Some tree plantations resemble a natural forest that

contains uneven-aged stands.

Prescribed burns are fires that

are set by humans.

The removal of snags following a fire is called

salvage logging.

Which of the following words best summarizes the adaptive management approach shown in the diagram?

adjustable

One disadvantage of the selection system of timber harvesting is that it

is more dangerous for loggers.

Deforestation is particularly harmful in arid regions because it can lead to

desertification.

The National Forest Management Act

Requires plans for national forests that follow multiple use and maximum sustainable yield guidelines.

Which type of forest most likely contains the greatest variety of habitats?

old-growth forest

Smokey the Bear’s message resulted in

suppression of all forest fires

Fire suppression can result in a(n)

buildup of material that fuels future fires

prescribed burns

are carefully controlled

The main goal of the Healthy Forests Restoration Act is to

promote salvage logging

If a wood product is certified by the Forest Stewardship Council, it was produced

using sustainable method

After a catastrophe, soil formation is the first step in

primary succession.

A rock containing iron turns red as its surface is exposed to air and water over time. This is an example of

chemical weathering.

Most of the nutrients in soil come from

decomposition.

A farmer interested in raising healthy crops should look for a

loamy, clumpy soil with a neutral pH and a dark color.

Deterioration of the soil’s fertility and ability to provide ecosystem services is called

soil degradation.

Watering crops by way of human-constructed structures is known as

Irrigation

Agriculture most likely began

10,000 years ago in the Middle East.

Genetic engineering relies on placing a gene that codes for a desired trait into the _____ of a different organism from the organism where the gene was originally harvested.

genome

Your friend tells you she’s decided not to use pesticides or synthetic chemicals on her farm; instead she’ll rely on composting and biological pest control. She is practicing

organic agriculture

Sustainable agriculture is important because while human population continues to grow, one of the following will not.

arable land

An example of a soil parent material is

volcanic ash.

As a farmer, you would be most concerned with the quality of the soil in the

A horizon.

A rancher interested in the quality of the soil in her pasture might use which aspect of soil as a quick indicator of the pasture’s overall fertility?

color

In a region with strong winds, flat land, and little natural forest cover, what would you recommend in order to reduce erosion?

shelterbelts

The porous qualities of soil mean that which of the following can filter through the ground and pollute groundwater?

pesticides

What event enabled the evolution of agriculture?

warming climate due to volcanic eruptions in Indonesia

A large area of cropland seeded with one crop is a(n)

monoculture.

One of the problematic side effects of pesticide use is the fact that

 pesticides kill important pollinator insects as well a insect pests

You would expect to find most farmers who use GM crops living in

relatively wealthy, developed nations.

GM foods are engineered to resist herbicides so that

farmers can use heavier doses of pesticides for weeds without killing the crop plants.

One proven risk of GM crops is

the escape of GM genes into non-GM crops.

Conservation of which of the following is dependent on the reduction of pesticide use?

pollinators

Only a very small portion of Earth’s water is both liquid and

fresh

A hole dug into an aquifer to reach groundwater is called a

well

From greatest to least, rank the primary uses of fresh water around the world.

agriculture, industry, personal

To conserve water, when is the best time to water a lawn or garden?

night

The best way to reduce groundwater pollution is to

prevent it from happening.

Which of the following was not part of the Clean Water Act?

regulated the amount of fertilizers and pesticides that are contained in runoff

As a natural resource, freshwater is

renewable source

All of the land area that supplies water to a particular river system is included in a(n)

watershed

An impermeable layer of soil and rock

has few or no pores

Sometimes, the water table naturally rises to the surface creating

springs

At the average American home, most water use takes place

outdoors in yard

Which major category of water use would include watering grain to feed to livestock?

agricultural

To help regulate river flow and to build a stable supply of water, engineers build

dams

Overirrigation can result in

salinization.

Reverse osmosis is a process often used for removing the following from water.

salt

What type of system targets individual plants and introduces water directly into the soil?

drip irrigation

Which of the following is an example of nonpoint-source pollution?

rain washing salt off the roads

Which nutrient is usually responsible for causing eutrophication in fresh water?

phosphorous

Harmful algal blooms are a result of what type of pollution?

nutrient

Leaky underground storage tanks are a major source of what type of pollution?

groundwater