Vertebral Column

The vertebral column is a region of the ______ skeleton

Axial

Ther vertebral column consists of _____, ______ and ______ that connect the adjacent vertebrae

vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments

Number of cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral and coccygeal vertebrae?

7, 12, 5, 5, 4

Vertebrae become progressively _____ from cervical to lumbar regions since more weight is supported by inferior vertebrae

Larger

The ____ is the cylindrical, anterior part of the vertebra

body

The superior and inferior surfaces of the body are covered by ______ cartilage end plates

hyaline

______ ____ lies posterior to the vertebral body and each ____ consists of 2 pedicles and 2 laminae.

Vertebral Arch, arch

Short, stout cylindrical processes projecting posteriorly from the vertebral body

Pedicles

Broad, flat plates of bone attaching laterally to the pedicles and on the midline

Laminae

The space bounded laterally and posteriorly by the vertebral arch and anteriorly by the posterior border of the vertebral body.

Vertebral Foramen

Succesive vertebral foramen forms the ____ ____ which contains the spinal cord, spinal roots, meninges, fat, blood vessels and nerves

vertebral canal

Indentations on vertebral pedicles

Vertebral notches

_____ _____ are formed by an inferior vertebral notch of a superior vertebra and the superior vertebral notch of the inferior vertebra.

Intervertebral Foramen

Passing through the intervertebral foramen are _____ ____ and ____ ____ associated with the vertebrae and spinal cord.

Spinal Nerves, blood vessels

Single, median process which projects posteriorly and arises where the two lamina meet, site of muscle attachment

Spinous Process

Bilateral processes arising from the junction of the pedicles and laminae, site of muscle attachment

Transverse Process

2 superior and 2 inferior processes, each with a region where articuation occurs

Articular Processes

The bone between the superior and inferior articular processes

Pars Interarticularis

The pars interarticularis is fractured in ______ also known as a "______ fracture"

Spondylolysis, hangman

During fetal life, the primary center that forms the body of the vertebra

Centrum

This connects to the centrum via neurocentral joints

neural arches

Connects centrum to the neural arches

neurocentral joints

Secondary ossification occurs after _____ and begins at the tips of the _____ _____ and the _____ _____ and the superior and inferior surfaces of the vertebral bodies

spinous process, transverse process

All vertebrae contain a ____ ____ during development that typically only becomes a rib in the thoracic region.

Costal Element

Failure of the neural arch to fuse on the posterior midline results in?

Spina Bifida

Greatest movement occurs in which region of the vertebral column?

Cervical region

True or False, vertebral foramen are small in cervical vertebrae?

False, large in order to accommodate the large spinal cord diameter in this region of the spinal column

Intervertebral Foramen of the cervical region are _____ thus, nerves and blood vessels are susceptible to compression

narrow

Transverse Processes have _____ _____ through which passes the vertebral artery and vein

Foramen Transversarium

Anterior tubercle of C6 is named the ______ and the _____ artery lies anterior to it

Carotid Tubercle, Carotid

Transverse processes have anterior and posterior _____ which have arisen from the costal element

Tubercle

True or False, cervical vertebrae have a bifid spinous process?

True

Spinous process of C7

Vertebra Prominens

C3-C7 have projection from the posterolateral aspect of body termed an _____

uncus

Articular facets allow for _____ and _____ of the neck

flexion and extension

True or False, atlas has a spinous process?

False

The Atlas vertebrae has an _____ _____ with an anterior tubercle and a posterior arch with a _____ _____

anterior arch, posterior tubercle

Superior surface of the posterior arch of Atlas

Vertebral Artery Grooves

The ___ ____ lie beteween the anterior and posterior arches and support the superior and inferior articular surfaces

lateral masses

Axis most distinguishing feature

Dens

Transverse processes of spinous processes contain _____ ____

costal facets

The preferred movement around thoracic vertebrae

Rotation

What features of thoracic vertebrae limit flexion and extension?

Spinous process, rib attachments

Lumbar vertebrae have relatively long and slender transverse processes with ______ _____ at posterior surface. Base of this for muscle attachment

Accessory Process

Tubercles on posterior surface of superior articular processes of lumbar vertebrae are called _____ _____ and are for muscle attachment

Mammillary Processes

What angle of X-Ray must be taken to see the "Scotty Dog" in Lumbar vertebrae

Oblique

Scotty Dog Features

Superior articular process- Ear, Transverse process- Nose, Pedicle- Eye, Inferior articular process- Front Leg, Pars Interarticularis- Neck

Sacrum is united to the hip bones at the _____ ____ via the _____ ____

sacroiliac joint, auricular surface

Wide region of sacrum

Base

Prominent Anterior edge of sacral base

Sacral Promontory

Wings of sacrum

alae

Superior articular processes articulate with inferior articular processes of L5 and form the _____ _____

lumbosacral angle

Inferior, narrow end of sacrum that articulates with coccyx

Apex

Inferior articular process of the sacrum

Sacral Cornua

Continuation of the vertebral canal enclosed within fused vertebrae

Sacral canal

Sacral Canal contains which region of the spinal cord?

Cauda Equina

Pelvic/Anterior surface of sacrum is concave and has 4 _____ ____ located at the site of fusion

Transverse ridges

_____ _____ _____ allow passage of anterior/ventral rami of sacral spinal nerves S1-S4

Anterior Sacral Foramina

Formed by fusion of spinous processes of sacral vertebrae

Median sacral Crest

Formed by fusion of articular processes of sacral vertebrae

Intermediate Crest

Formed by fusion of transverse processes of sacral vertebrae

Lateral Crest

U shaped defect in the distal part of dorsal surface of sacrum due to failure of lamina S5 to develop

Sacral Hiatus

Four paired ____ ____ ___ allows passage of posterior/dorsal rami of S1-S4 spinal nerves

Posterior Sacral Foramina

CO1 has ____ ____ that articulate with the sacral cornua and help close off the intervertebral foramen for the 5th sacral nerves

Coccygeal Cornua

Which regions of the spine concave posteriorly?

Cervical, Lumbar

Which regions of the spine concave anteriorly?

Thoracic, Sacral

A fetus has all regions concave ____ thus, this type of curve is called a primary curve

Anteriorly, Primary Curves

These curves develop as a child.

Secondary Curves

Name for normal anterior concave

Kyphosis

Abnormal pronounced posterior convex curvature of the thoracic spine

Hunchback

Name for normal posterior concave

lordosis

Lordosis of the lumbar paired with anterior tilting pelvis=?

swayback

Abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column with associated rotation of vertebrae

Scoliosis

Condition where L5 is completely or partially fused with sacrum

Sacrilization

Condition where S1 is completely of partially separate from the sacrum

Lumbarization

Outer Ring of IVD

anulus fibrosis

Inner core of IVD

Nucleus Pulposus

Rupture of what feature results in a herniated disk?

Nucleus Pulposus

Protrusion of IVD into an adjacent vertebral body

Schmorl's Node

These connect vertebral arches of adjacent vertebrae via plane synovial joints between superior and inferior articular processes

Zygapophysial Joints

Small synovial joints associated with C3-C7 vertebrae, between the uncus on the posterior lateral surface of inferior surfaces of the vertebral body above

Unconvertebral Joints

Condyloid, synovial joints between the convex occipital condyles at the base of the skull at the anterio-lateral side of the foramen magnum and the concave superior articular facet of C1.

Atlanto Occiptial Joints

True or False, movement allowed by Atlanto Occipital Joints is rotation?

False, flexion and extension

Joints between the inferior facet of lateral mass of C1 and the superior articular facets of C2

Lateral Atlanto-Axial Joints

Single pivot synovial joint between the dens of C2 and the anterior arch of C1

Median Atlanto Axial Joint

Ligament that covers the anterior and lateral surfaces, vertebral bodies and IVD. C1 all the way down

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

Ligament that lies on the posterior surface of the vertebral bodies, IVD and is WITHIN the vertebral canal from C2 to sacrum

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament

Ligament that is yellow in color that connects laminae of adjacent vertebrae. Prevents excessive separation

Ligamentum Flava

Ligament attaching tips of spinous processes

Supraspinous ligament

Extension of supraspinous ligament in cervical region as a sheet of fibroelastic tissue that attaches to external occipital protrubence of skill and to tips of all cervical spinous processes

Nuchal Ligament

Membranous bands of ligament that lie deep to supraspinous ligaments, filling space between spinous processes

Interspinous Ligament

Ligament that connects adjacent transverse ligaments

Intertransverse Ligaments

Ligament that lies posterior to dens and attaches either side to medial tubercles on lateral masses of atlas

Transverse ligament of atlas

Three ligaments comprising the cruciate ligament of atlas

transverse ligament of atlas, superior longitudinal band and inferior longitudinal band

Bilateral, thick cord like ligament that connects tip of dens to the occipital bone on the internal, lateral side of the foramen magnum

alar ligament

Superior continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament that runs from C2, through the foramen magnum and attaches to the internal surface of the occipital bone. Posterior to cruciate ligament and the median atlantoaxial joint

Tectorial membrane

Attach the anterior and posterior arches of C1 respectively to the margins of the foramen magnum.

Anterior and posterior atlanto-occipital membrane

Provide sensory innervation for pain and proprioception to various parts of the vertebral column including the bones, joints, and ligaments. _______ ______ ___ __ _____ ______ of spinal nerves convey sensory information from the zygapophysial joints. The _____ _____ ______ of spinal nerves convey sensory information from the vertebral bodies, the annulus fibrosus, and the various ligaments of the vertebral column.

Articular branches off the posterior rami, recurrent meningeal branches

The _____ _____ ______ lies in the epidural space (between the dura mater and the vertebral bone) and is formed by paired and interconnected ______ and ______ _____ _____ _____ ___. The relatively large ______ _____ that drains each vertebral body, passes through a foramen in the posterior aspect of the vertebral body and empties into the anterior longitudinal internal vertebral veins. The _____ _____ ____ ____surrounds the external surfaces of the vertebrae and is smaller than the internal plexus, to which it is connected by veins that pass through the intervertebral foramen

internal vertebral plexus,

anterior and posterior longitudinal internal vertebral veins, basivertebral vein, external vertebral venous plexus

Blood supply for thoracic and lumbar regions come from? What about cervical region?

Blood supply branches off from the aorta (posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries). Cervical region is cervical arteries, sacral region is sacral arteries