PSYC362 Neuro Test 1 Fall 2025

missing stuff from next (thursday) class

clock face test

which test was able to correctly identify the condition Susannah Cahalan was suffering from?

encephalitis (anti-NMDAR)

what condition was Susannah Cahalan suffering from, causing her wide array of symptoms?

neurons

these brain cells transmit information

glia

these brain cells act as support

circuit

neurons are organized with a precise order to act as a ________

roundworm

this was the in-class example with the most simple NS, with only 302 neurons

sea slug

this was the in-class example with the second fewest amount of neurons, only 18,000

gill/siphon withdraw reflex

the sea slug has enough neurons that it is capable of this reflex

rat

this animal has the second most neurons, 50 mil, and the ability for much more complex functions

80

humans have _____ billion neurons

Camillo Golgi

this scientist discovered the staining technique to visualize an entire neuron, but thought neurons all connected (like tubing)

Ramon y Cajal

this scientist used Golgi’s method to look at neurons, but concluded that neurons came close together but did not actually touch

neuron doctrine

each neuron is an independent unit and information must be transmitted through the gaps (synapses)

shapes

Golgi staining revealed neurons can come in an assortment of _______

dendrite, cell body, axon, axon terminal

the general flow of information down a neuron

dendrites

these are the branches off the input zone of a neuron

spines

these are mushroom shaped projections off dendrites

soma

the cell body is also called this

integration

the cell body acts as the _________ zone

axon hillock

area of the neuron that determines whether an action potential is generated

conduction

the axon can be considered the ______ zone

retrograde

_________ transport moves material from the terminal towards the cell body

anterograde

_________ transport moves material from the cell body towards the terminal

anterograde

despite materials being able to go both ways, signals can only travel one way down a neuron. Which type of transport also runs in this direction?

output

the axon terminal could also be considered the ________ zone

chemical, electrical

signaling is ______ between neurons and ______ within a single neuron

cleft

the synaptic terminal releases chemical signals into the synaptic ______

astrocytes

these are the star-shaped glial cells

astrocytes

these glial cells monitor the neuron environment and help form the blood-brain barrier by tiling blood vessels

astrocytes

these glial cells are responsible for responding to brain injury

tripartite synapse

regulation of synaptic signaling between two neurons mediated by an astrocyte, relates to NT recycling

oligodendrocytes

these glial cells wrap myelin on axons in the CNS

schwann cells

these glial cells wrap myelin on axons in the PNS

microglia

these glial cells are referred to as the brain immune system, going to sites of injury and acting similar to a macrophage

structure = function

theme underlying this course and anatomy as a whole

central

this part of the nervous system contains the brain and spinal cord

peripheral

this part of the nervous system contains everything but the brain and spinal cord

nerves

bundles of axons in the PNS

ganglia

clusters of neuron cell bodies throughout body (often near spine or near organs)

somatic

this division of the PNS is responsible for communicating sensory nerves to the CNS (voluntary movement)

autonomic

this division of the PNS is responsible for communicating internal organ messages to the CNS (involuntary movement)

sympathetic

this division of the autonomic NS is responsible for fight or flight

norepinephrine

sympathetic NS main NT

parasympathetic

this division of the autonomic NS is responsible for relaxation and the body at rest

acetylcholine (ACh)

parasympathetic NS main NT

enteric

this division of the autonomic NS is responsible for the gut/digestion

cervical, thoracic lumbar, sacral, coccygeal

the vertebrae from the top of the body down follow this order:

31

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

sagittal

the spinal nerves serve each half of the body respectively on a _____ plane

dorsal root ganglion

this transmits information from the sensory nerve to the spinal cord

ventral root

this transmits the signaled response from the spinal cord to the muscle

interneurons

this type of neuron helps transmit info b/w the dorsal root ganglion and the ventral root

sulcus

grove in cerebral cortex

gyrus

matter between two groves on the brain

frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal

4 lobes of the cerebral cortex

longitudinal fissure

this separates the two hemispheres of the brain

central sulcus

this separates the frontal and parietal lobes

sylvan fissure

this separates the parietal lobe from the frontal

optic chiasm

x-shaped feature on the bottom of the brain towards the back of the frontal lobe

olfactory bulb

area sticking towards front of frontal lobe on the bottom of the brain

grey

_______ matter is made of cell bodies and dendrites

white

_______ matter is made of axons with white myelin sheath

corpus callosum

axon tract joining the two brain hemispheres

frontal

this lobe of the brain is responsible for movement and higher-level cognition

parietal

this lobe of the brain is responsible for the body’s sensory info, touch

temporal

this lobe of the brain is responsible for hearing and smell

occipital

this lobe of the brain is responsible for vision

anterior

the motor cortex is ______ to the somatosensory cortex

somatosensory

this cortex initially processes sensory input, routing it to another more specialized cortex for further analysis

posterior

the primary sensory cortex is ________ to the primary motor cortex, separated by the central sulcus

associative

each brain region has an _______ cortex, which assesses signals from the primary respective cortex and plans a reponse

6

how many layers is the cortex?

3, 5

which layers of the cortex contain pyramidal neurons with very long axons

thalamus

this part of the brain acts as the sensory relay station

hypothalamus, pituitary gland

this part of the brain acts as the neurohormone center, regulating biological rhythms

limbic system

this part of the brain acts as the center for emotion and learning

amygdala, hippocampus, cingulate gyrus

these three regions make up the limbic system

amygdala

this part of the brain acts as the center for negative emotion, fear, anxiety

hippocampus

this part of the brain acts as the center for learning and memory

cingulate gyrus

this part of the brain acts as the center for attention

basal ganglia

this part of the brain regulated motor control

caudate

this part of the basal ganglia regulates habit formation

substantia nigra

this part of the basal ganglia makes dopamine

substantia nigra

brain region heavily impacted by Parkinson’s

midbrain

this part of the brainstem controls visual and auditory information processing

pons

this part of the brainstem controls motor control and sensory
nuclei, alongside cranial nerves

medulla

this part of the brainstem controls the most basic life functions, such as heart rate and breathing

cerebellum

this brain region controls fine motor control, gait, balance, and muscle coordination

cranial nerves

these nerves control and receive sensory info from the face

vagus nerve

this cranial nerve communicates bidirectionally with internal organs

action potential

term used to describe the electrical impulse that travels down a cell

ATP

pumps use ____ to function, channels do not

K+, proteins

at rest there are more of this cation and biomolecule in the cell

Na+, Ca+, Cl-

at rest there are more of these 2 cations and anion outside the cell

sodium potassium pump

this pump is constantly using 1 ATP to push things in and out of the cell

3 Na+, 2 K+

the sodium potassium pump moves (#) ____ out of the cell while simultaneously moving (#) _____ into the cell at the cost of 1 ATP

diffusion

this process describes the passive movement of molecules down the concentration gradient

chemical

this driving force refers to the tendency for molecules to flow from a high to low concentration

electrical

this driving force refers to the tendency for molecules to be attracted toward opposite forces and repulsed by like

-65

resting membrane potential in a neuron is around ___ mV