Procedural Steps for Week 12

Steps of simple distillation

Add boiling chips → heat mixture → monitor temperature → collect low-boiling distillate until temperature rises → stop before dryness.

Steps of fractional distillation

Add boiling chips → assemble and insulate column → heat gently → allow temperature to stabilize at top of column → collect fractions as temperature changes → record volume and density of each fraction.

Steps of vacuum distillation

Assemble simple or fractional setup → connect to vacuum → slowly reduce pressure → heat mixture gently → collect distillate at lowered boiling point.

Steps of steam distillation

Add natural product + water → heat mixture → co-distill volatile compound with steam → collect distillate containing organic product.

Steps of using the nomograph

Mark normal boiling point on BP axis → mark ambient pressure on pressure axis → draw straight line between them → read boiling point at new pressure.

Steps for measuring density (1 mL method)

Weigh empty vial → add 1 mL liquid → weigh again → subtract to get mass → density = mass since volume is 1 mL.

Steps for water solubility test

Mix equal volumes of liquid and water → shake gently → observe whether mixture forms one layer (miscible) or two layers (immiscible).

Steps of extraction in a separatory funnel

Add two immiscible liquids → insert stopper and shake → vent between shakes → allow layers to separate → drain bottom layer → keep top layer → repeat if needed.

Steps for drying an organic layer

Add a thin layer of drying agent → swirl → wait 5 minutes → check if drying agent is free-flowing → filter off drying agent.

Steps for identifying which layer is which in extraction

Compare densities → denser liquid is bottom → water is 1.0 g/mL → many organics float unless halogenated.

Steps of ethanol–water fractional distillation

Add filtrate + boiling chips → heat column → collect fraction at ~78°C (ethanol-rich) → switch receiver when temperature rises → collect second fraction mid-range → collect water-rich fraction at high temperature.

Steps of fermentation setup

Add yeast + glucose + buffer → attach balloon → let sit one week → CO₂ inflates balloon → mixture ready for distillation.

Correct steps to prevent column flooding

Heat slowly → maintain steady boil → avoid rapid boiling → allow proper vapor–liquid equilibrium.

Proper steps for assembling distillation thermometer

Position bulb at condenser entrance → ensure bulb sits just in the vapor path → tighten fitting → verify alignment before heating.

Steps before turning on heat in distillation

Add boiling chips → check all clamps and joints → ensure condenser water is flowing → verify thermometer placement → wrap column with foil.

Steps of wrapping the column

Wrap aluminum foil lightly around the column → leave thermometer top exposed → avoid choking airflow → maintain insulation.

Stopping a distillation safely

Turn off heat → allow apparatus to cool → stop distillation before dryness → remove receiving flask → disassemble caref