History Midterm

The philosopher who believed that all people are born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty, and property was:

John Locke

What best explains how Enlightenment thinking challenged traditional sources of authority?

It shifted authority from external sources like God and tradition to individual human reason.

An influential French writer whose famous book, On the Spirit of the Laws, proposed that a separation of powers would keep any individual/group from gaining total control of the government was:

Baron de Montesquieu

Brilliant French satirist and one of the famous writers if the Enlightenment; he frequently targeted the clergy, the aristocracy, and the government and he never stopped fighting for tolerance, freedom of religion/speech, and reason was:

Voltaire

In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, this political thinker presented an argument for the education of women; she also declared that women should have the same political rights as men. She was:

Wollstonecraft

The Enlightenment was a movement of:

Intellectuals

What was NOT a core belief or concept of the philosophes

Faith/Religion

The Swiss intellectual/writer, best known for his book on government, “The Social Contract”, was:

Jean Jacques Rousseau

He believed that all people possessed natural rights and that it was the governments job to protect them, he was:

Locke

This philosophers ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America; he argued against the use of torture and other common abuses

Beccaria

French philosophe Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the best form of government would be a:

Direct democracy

Who took Montesquieu’s principles and worked them into their constitution

American Philosphes

What did the word “reason” mean to Enlightment intellectuals

understanding of all of life could be discovered through humans mind and logical thinking

He supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge during the Enlightenment, he was:

Denis Diderot

The new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems was the:

Enlightment

How did the Scientific Revolution create the foundation for Enlightenment philosophy

It established empirical and rational methods that philosophers later applied to understanding human society

What is incorrect about the song MmmBop?

It was originally released in 2007

This political thinker believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked and therefore argued that strong (authorial) governments were necessary to avoid chaos and maintain law and order. Who was he:

Thomas Hobbes

According to John Locke’s theory, what justifies a governments right to rule over people?

Governments exist to protect peoples natural rights, and people can overthrow tyrannical governments.

The artistic style of the 1600s and early 1700s was characterized by grand, ornate designs:

Baroque

In a history thesis paper, where should you put your thesis statement

The last sentence of the intro paragraph

How did the concept of natural rights challenge existing social and political structures?

It suggested that all humans possessed inherent rights regardless of their social class or birth circumstances

What does the gradual nature of social change during this period suggest about implementing Enlightenment ideals?

Social transformation required time as new ideas challenged deeply entrenched interests and beliefs.

What is one thing women didn't contribute to the Enlightenment?

running for political officers

What does the global spread of Enlightenment inspired revolutions suggest about these ideas?

The principles of natural rights, popular sovereignty, and individual freedom had universal appeal across different societies.

The willingness of people to hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order in society was called a

Social Contract

The intellectuals/groups of social critics of the Enlightenment were knows by the French term

Philosophers

What movement in France allowed the ideas of the Enlightenment to filter down to the larger population through discussions that took place at social social gatherings of writers, musicians, painters, and philosophers

The Salon Movement

Steps to thesis statement

1. what is the topic?

2. what is the prompt?

3. answer to the prompt

4. reasoning/evidence

5. 1-4 together

“Humane” device used a mean of execution during the French Revolution

Guillotine

He seized power of the French government in 1799 with a military takeover

Napoleon

Louis XVI’s unpopular wife - her nickname was Madame Deficit

Marie Antoinette

The ruling family of france

Bourbon

King who bankrupted France by building Versailles and fighting lots of wars

Louis XIV

Following the Reign of Terror, this five-member board ruled France

The Directory

Term used to describe old nobles who fled France and hoped to restore the Old Regime

Emigres

Jacobin leader who ruled during the most violent time in which thousands of french citizens were executed

Robespierre

Author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Olympe de Gouges

Radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shop keepers who wanted a greater voice in the government

Sans-Coulettes

One of the most prominent members of the Jacobins, he edited a revolutionary newspaper that stirred up the violent mood in Paris

Marat

Well-known Jacobin and lawyer, eventually executed for being less radical than Robespierre

Daunton

Who was the King during the French Revolution

Louis XVI

Who was made up of the French middle class and included merchants, bankers, and industrialists

Borjousees

What is a sudden overthrow/take-over of the governemnt

Coup d’ e’tat

What estate accounted for 97% of the French population but only received a one-third vote in the Estates-General?

The 3rd Estates

When did the French Revolution begin

1789

Who made up the 1st estate in france

the clergys

Who supposedly represented all of the French people, although it had not met for almost 175 years

the estates general

who made up most of the 3rd estate

the peasents

the second estate in France was made up of:

the nobles

The National Assembly was first formed by:

the 3rd estate

This consisted of a series of peasant rebellions through the French countryside which motivated the National Assembly to abolish class privileges:

the great fear

what issue arose after the king called for the estates general to meet

how many votes each estate get

In 1793, both the king and queen of France were:

beheaded

This was a popular slogan for members of the French Rev:

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Why did the National Assembly lose the support of many of the French presents?

it took away the Catholic Church’s land and independence

What kind of government did the French Constitution of 1791 set up?

limited monarchy

What was incorrect about the Reign of Terror

it was stopped with the arrival of Napoleon and his army

Which group imposed the reign of terror?

the Committee of Public Safety

What is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution?

members of the 3rd estate paid almost all of the taxes

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the:

near bankruptcy of the French Treasury

What accurately depicts developments in the French Revolution prior to September 1792?

ALL OF THE ABOVE

so:

the national assembly created a basic declaration of liberties, and a new constitution to establish a limited monarchy

Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting to flee

Warfare broke out between France and Austria, which was endeavoring to restore the absolute french monarchy

Which group finally forced Robespierre to step down from power

his fellow revolutionaries

which group most strongly embraced the ideals and principles of the Enlightenment

the bourgeoisie

Napoleon first came to rule France in 1799 through a sudden seizure of power know as:

Coup d e’tat

Napoleon was able to establish a dictatorship in France because

ALL OF THE ABOVE

he had support of the military

the french were overwhelmed by the drastic series of events earlier in the decade

he was overwhelmingly popular

What obsolete German state was abolished by Napoleon in 1806 and replaced with the Confederation of the Rhine

the Holy Roman Empire

The most interesting (and ironic) aspect of Napoleons rule in France was that:

while it contained some characteristics of democracy and the Enlightenment, it was in fact highly authorial/dictatorial

What is a correct statement about Napoleon

he was born on the island of Corsica and died on the island of st. helena

he led a slave revolt on the French colony of Saint Domingue (Haiti) against the french

Toussaint l’Ouverture

In 1806 Napoleon attempted to make Europe more self-sufficient through the use of:

the Continental System

He was a British General who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo

Duke of Wellington

The Russian Practice of bruning grain fields and slaughtering livestock to prevent invading French troops from having access to them was called (to leave their enemies without food) was called:

the Scorched Earth Policy

He was the leader of Prussia during the Napoleonic Wars

Fredrick William lll

What was one important consequence of the Battle of Trafalgar

Napoleon gave up his plans of invading Britain

This organized all of the German states (except for Austria & Prussia) into an alliance with France and Napoleon

The Confederation of the Rhine

What is an incorrect statement about the Napoleonic Wars

The 100 Days was the name given to Napoleons 1812 Invasion of Russia

In this battle Admiral Nelson defeated the French Navy and established British supremacy of the seas

Battle of Trafalger

He was the president of the USA who purchases the Lousiana territory from France in 1803 for 15 million dollars

Thomas Jefferson

This agreement between the Napoleon and the Pope resulted in the restoration of good relations between the govt. of France and the Roman Catholic church

the Concordat of 1804

The long draining conflict between Spain & France in the early 1800s was known as the:

Peninsular War

What event began Napoleons downfall

The 1812 invasion of Russia

Napoleon met his final defeat at the:

Battle of Waterloo

What was the battle where Napoleon defeated Russian & Austrian army that was twice the size of his (this victory helped to secure Western Europe & Napoleons legacy as a military genius)?

Battle of AUsterlitz

The Battle of Waterloo was between France and?

the British and the prussians

The Hundred Days refers to

Napoleons last bid to power

What trait did Napoleon not have

Modesty and restraint

The main reason Napoleon divorced Jospehine and married Marie Louise of Austria was to?

because he was seeking a male heir to the throne

The Battle of Borodino was between the French and?

the Russians

Why did Napoleon attack Portugal?

to enforce the terms of the Continental System

How did Great Britain react to the Continental System

britain organized their own blockade

What does the word “plebiscite” mean

a vote of the peopleq

To prevent trade and communication between great Britain and other european nations, Napoleon set up a:

blockade

These were members of a loosely organized fighting force that makes surprise attacks on enemy troops that are occupying their country

Guerrillas

He was the leader of Russia during the Napoleonic Wars

ALexander l

AFter escaping from exile, Napoleon gathered volunteers from the French countryside and siezed power from

Louis XVII

His famous painting “The Third of May, 1808” depicted Spanish peasent being executed by a french firing squad. who was he?

Francisco Goya

What occurred in Europe during the 19th century

ALL OF THE ABOVE

Conflict between conservative and liberal movements

the resurgence of conservatives over liberals

the decline of established empires

This country was NOT originally invited to the Congress of Vienna, but nevertheless it played an important role in the negotiations:

France

The Congress of Vienna adopted this principle to justify their actions of restoring the old monarchs of Europe to their thrones

Legitimacy