AP Biology- Unit 1

Chemistry of Life

Key Property of Water #1

Water is cohesive and adhesive

-water sticks to water (cohesive)

-sticks to other polar molecules (adhesive)

Key Property of Water #2

Water moderates temperature

-high specific heat (water can store heat)

-high heat of vaporization (water cools organisms)

Key Property of Water #3

Water is less dense as a solid than a liquid

-distance between molecules increase in solid form

Key Property #4

Universal solvent

-will form a solution with ionic and polar covalent substances

Solvent

Dissolving agents

Solutes

Substances being dissolved

Buffers

Have both acidic and basic properties

-resist pH shifts

Nonpolar Covalent Bonds

-very strong bonds

-electrons are shared equally

Polar Covalent Bonds

-strong bonds

-electrons are shared unequally

Ionic Bonds

-weak bonds

-form when anions and cations attract

Hydrogen Bonds

-intermolecular force

-gets stronger the more there are

Carbohydrates

-used for energy, receptors

-made of C, H, O

Monomer: monosaccharides

Lipids

-hydrophobic

-used for protection, storage, insulation

-made of C, H, O (more carbon than oxygen)

Proteins

-used for enzymes, structures, transport

-made of C, H, O, N, or S

Monomer: amino acids

Nucleic Acid

-used to relay information

-made of C, H, O, N, P

Monomer: nucleotides

Dehydration Synthesis

Removal of water

-combines monomers into polymers

Hydrolysis

Water breaks bonds

-breaks polymers into monomers