A & P of Domestic Animals Final Exam - Purnell

What are the four main classes of tissues?

Epithelium

Connective

Nervous

Muscle

What type of structural fiber is made of thick parallel bundles and is found in tendons and ligaments?

Collagen

Term that refers to a tissue having a blood supply.

Vascular

Epithelial cells have an expansive extracellular matrix.

True or False?

False

What type of epithelium is represented in this picture?

Stratified Squamous

How many cell layers does simple epithelia have?

one

What body system contains transitional epithelium?

Urinary

Tendons connect ___________ to bone and ____________ motion.

Muscle

Enhance

Ligaments connect ___________ to bone and _____________ motion.

Bone

Limit

What type of Dense connective tissue is composed mostly of elastic fibers, and is found in areas which require stretching?

Elastic

What type of cartilage is found at the points of connection between long bones (articular)?

Hyaline Cartilage

_________________ is both amorphous and homogenous, and it contains cell adhesion molecules and proteoglycans. It is the fluid between cells where the cell can exchange fluid and waste with the bloodstream.

Ground Substance

Where is the extracellular matrix located?

Between cells

The front and hind limbs and their respective shoulder and pelvic girdles are part of the:

Appendicular skeleton

Which bones compose the axial skeleton?

Sternum

Skull

Ribs

Vertebrae

What group of vertebrae connect to the pelvis?

Sacral

What group of vertebrae connect to the tail?

Caudal

What group of vertebrae support the abdominal organs?

Lumbar

What group of vertebrae connect to the ribs?

Thoracic

The cylindrical shaft of a long bone is known as epiphysis.

True or False?

False

_____________ cells synthesize and secrete the organic substances of bone.

Osteoblast

Most long bones develop by endochondral ossification.

True or False

True

Remodeling of bone does not involve osteoclastic activity.

True or False?

False

The epiphyseal plate is a cartilage plate between:

the epiphysis and diaphysis

Bone cells that represent transformed osteoblasts, communicate with each other by gap junctions in canaliculae, and maintain bone matrix are:

Osteocytes

What type of movability does Amphiarthroses have?

slightly moveable

What type of movability does Synarthroses have?

immovable

What type of movability does diarthroses have?

Freely moveable

Where would a gomphosis joint be found?

teeth in jaw

What characteristic is unique to diarthroses joints?

They contain a bursa

What bones come together to create the coxofemoral joint?

Pelvis and Femur

What type of movement would best be described as flexion?

A horse picking up its front leg to walk

Which joint allows for jaw movement?

Temperomandibular

Afferent nerve fibers enter the spinal cord via the. _________________ root and the efferent nerve fibers leave via the ______________ root.

dorsal, ventral

The Parasympathetic stimulation increases intestinal muscle (smooth muscle) and secretory activity.

True or False?

True

A myelin sheath on a peripheral nerve fiber increases:

the velocity of impulse conduction

Sympathetic (fight or flight) stimulation to the bronchi (air passages) of the lungs would result in a decrease of their diameter.

True or False?

False

A stimulus increases the permeability of the neuron for the sodium ion.

True or False?

True

Repolarization of a nerve fiber is accomplished by:

diffusion of K+ from the inside of the fiber to the outside

A stimulus applied to a neuron causes depolarization of the membrane. This means the membrane:

becomes more positive on the inside and negative on the outside because Na+ flows inward

What composes the central nervous system?

Spinal cord and brain

The autonomic nervous system controls voluntary muscle movement.

True or False?

False

Which layer of the meninges is connected to the CNS?

Pia mater

Ascending tracts that carry information to the CNS are an _____________ pathway.

Afferent

Information flows through a neuron starting at the dendrites, then through the cell body, and ultimately leaves the neuron through the axon.

True or False?

True

What type of channels are sodium and potassium channels?

Voltage gated

What are the three types of muscle?

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth

The movement of smooth muscle of the digestive tract is voluntary for functions like defecation.

True or False?

False

Which group of muscles is responsible for functions like skin twitch and have little to no attachment to bone?

Cutaneous

Where is epimysium located?

surrounding a whole muscle

Where is the location of the nervous and muscular system joining?

Neuromuscular junction

What is a unique characteristic of cardiac muscle?

Intercalated discs

What is the connective tissue that connects muscle to bone and allows for movement of the skeletal system?

tendon

What binds with tropomyosin to move it away from myosin binding sites on the actin strands?

A) Calcium

B) Pi

C) None of these

D) ATP

C) None of these

What part of the sarcomere "disappears" once contraction has been acheived?

H band

Is muscle contraction an active or passive process?

active

What type of synapse delivers acetylcholine to a skeletal muscle fiber?

Chemical

What produces the electrical impulse responsible for contraction of the atria?

SA node

What produces the electrical impulse responsible for contraction of the ventricles?

AV node

Blood vessels that carry high pressure, lack valves, and have a high amount of elastin:

Arteries

Term that refers to heart contraction

Systole

Muscular layer of the heart that is responsible for heart contractions:

Myocardium

The valves of the heart are active or passive?

Passive

Circulation that carries blood from the heart to the lungs be reoxygenated:

Pulmonary circulation

During the ventricular contraction, the semilunar valves are-

open

Which of the following is not a quality of hemoglobin?

It gives blood a blue color

3 multiple choice options

What is the formula for calculating cardiac output?

Q = SV x HR

Veins carry ___________ blood ____________ the heart

Deoxygenated, towards

According to Frank Starling relationship, stroke volume and strength of contraction have a positive correlation.

True or False?

True

What structure serves as the separation of the upper and lower respiratory tract?

Larynx

What is the function of goblet cells in the pulmonary system?

Produce mucous which traps dust and moistens air

What type of cartilage makes up the trachea?

Hyaline

What structure is indicated by the arrows?

Primary Bronchi

The left lung has more lobes than the right lung because the heart needs increased oxygen, and it is on the left side of the mediastinum.

True or False?

False

What are the two types of respiration?

Pulmonary and Cellular

Inspiration is a passive process

True or False?

False

As pressure of a pulmonary structure increases, air will rush (in/out

out

Which of the following is NOT a way carbon dioxide is transported?

As Oxyhemoglobin

What is Boyles Law?

As the size of a closed decreases, pressure inside is increased

What is Henrys Law?

The quantity of a gas that dissolves in a liquid depends on the amount of gas present and its solubility coefficient

What is Dalton's Law?

Each gas in a mixture of gases exerts its own pressure

What is the Bohr effect?

As acidity (blood pH lowers) increases, O2 affinity for Hb decreases

Which of the following is not a true characteristic of hemoglobin?

Primary component of WBC

3 multiple choice options

In the formation of a blood clot, ______________ converts to __________________ to. ___________________, which forms a netlike structure that holds the platelet plug in place to form the clot

Thrombin

Fibrinogen

Fibrin

White blood cells that contain granules are associated with innate immunity.

True or False?

True

Which cell type can be associated with an allergy response?

Basophil

Eosinophil

What substance will help with the maintenance of blood pH?

Carbonic acid, Bicarbonate, Ammonium

Which organ associated with the lymphatics system is not surrounded by a capsule?

Tonsils

The spleen has a role in both the vascular system and the lymphatic system.

True or False?

True

Which lymphocyte will carry out an immune response by inducing apoptosis?

Natural Killer Cells

Which lymphocytes produce antibodies?

B cell

Which lymphocyte will attach to antigen complex and destroy antigen?

Killer T cell

Which lymphocyte secrete cytokines?

Helper T cells

Which lymphocyte regulates production of T and B cells through negative feedback mechanisms?

Suppressor T cell

Where does the blood, lymph, and nerve supply enter the kidney?

Hilus

Where is the nephron located?

The structures of the nephron extend into both the medulla and cortex.

Movement of fluid components of blood into the glomerulus and then into the renal tubule

Glomerular filtration

Nutrients, ions and water are removed from filtrate and re enter the ISF

Tubular resorption

Movement of substance from blood back into the fluid of the collecting duct (urine)

Tubular secretion

The ureters will only transport urine in spurts, and otherwise urine will be stored in the nephron before it is transferred to the urinary bladder.

True or False?

False