TEAS 🫥

macro to micro biological structures 

organ system - organ - tissue - cells - organelle - macromolecules - chemicals

4 types of macromolecules

carbohydrates / lipids / protiens / nucleic acid

what exist in cells

organelles

molecules are not living / cells are living

true

groups of the same cell 

tissue

groups of different cells

different types of tissue

organs are made of

multiple types of tissue

cyte = 

cell

viruses are non living bc

not made of cells

macromolecules

chemicals that make up living things

4 things that everything is made of

carbohydrate / proteins / lipid / nucleus

most macromolecules are polymers

true

anabolism

building something by connecting pieces together like molecules

catabolism

breaking things down, taking a big thing and splitting it apart

carbohydrate monomer

monosaccharide

function of carbohydrates

store energy / provide structure

type of carbohydrate monosaccharide

glucose

glucose carboydrate monosaccharide + fructose carbohydrate monosaccharide =

sucrose disaccharide

long chain of glucose for humans and animals turns to

glycogen which stores energy found in the liver and muscles

long chain of glucose for plants turns to 

starch which is used for energy storing and structure

cellulose

a string of sugar monomers that connect together to create structure for plants and wood

chitin

a long sugar strand that provides structure for bug shells

dehydration synthesis

process of combining monomers by pulling 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen to pull the monomers together

anything ending in -ose equals

carbohydrate

types of lipids

fats / oils / waxes

lipid characteristics

do not dissolve in water / non-polar and hydrophobic / long chains of carbon and hydrogen

long chains of carbon and hydrogen create what types of lipids

triglycerides / fatty acids / glycerol

lipid functions

provide energy storage / used for insulation and cushioning

monomers to form proteins

amino acids

enzymes are proteins

yes

enzyme that breaks down proteins

pepsin

enzyme that breaks down starch

amylase

purpose of protein

to build this and provide structure (ex. keratin and collagen proteins build hair and nails)

nucleic acid characteristics

carries genetic information / information passed down from parent to child (hereditary)

DNA stands for

deoxyribonucleic acid

RNA stands for

ribonucleic acid

cytoplasm and cytosol

the goop in the cell where all organelles float around

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

has no ribosomes on it and instead produces lipids and breaks down chemicals

golgi apparatus

squiggly but not attached to the nucleus and serves as a post office for proteins where it packed and sends proteins where they need to go in the cell

ribosome

the tiny little dot that creates protein by linking amino acids together can be floating in cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum

cell wall (plant)

structure that surrounds the organelles/ they have a cell wall and then a cell membrane further in

mitosis and meiosis mother cell

the original cell

mitosis and meiosis daughter cell

the two cells that split

how to split cells into two

DNA must be copied

meiosis produces what cells

produces sex cells (gametes) and sperm cells

asexual reproduction

one cell splitting into two without any fertilization from another cell

cytokinesis

when the cell splits

mitosis - interphase

chromosomes are copied in the nucleus

"mitosis - prophase"

chromosomes condense and nucleus breaks down

mitosis - metaphase

chromosomes line up

"mitosis - anaphase"

chromosomes move to opposite sides

"mitosis - telophase"

new nuclei is made

centrioles and spindle fibre

the tiny circle with strings attached that help orient the chromosomes

IPMAT

interphase -  prophase - metaphase - anaphase - telophase

M in metaphase

stands for middle - chromosomes line up in the middle

A in anaphase

stands for apart / chromosomes pull apart

gametes equal

sex cells

any other cell equals 

somatic cells

number of DNA in mitosis v meiosis

mitosis the numbers are the same because it is an exact duplicate while meiosis the numbers split in half because they only need half for sex cells

human cell has how any chromosomes OR pairs

46 chromosomes = 23 pairs of chromosomes

how many chromosomes in a mother cell v daughter cell

mother 46 daughter 23

why does a daughter cell have to have half the number of chromosomes compared to a mother cell

a daughter cell must have 23 chromosomes because it has to fertilize with either a sperm or egg to form a cell that has 46 chromosomes

haploid cells

is the number of chromosomes in a sex cell which is 23, can be either sperm or egg

diploid cell

the number of chromosomes in a germ, skin,nerve, somatic cell which is 46

what stages are different in mitosis and meiosis 

metaphase and anaphase

"meiosis - metaphase 1"

insteasd of one row of chromosomes across the middle there are two rows of chromosomes across the middle

mitosis produces what cells

diploid germ cells

mitosis replication chromosomes in the daughter cell so the numbers stay the same

true

meiosis genetic variation - crossing over

a small chunk of the chromosome switches over, usually the tail end to create variation

meiosis genetic variation - independent assortment

switch over different chromosomes to create variation

nondisjunction

a mistake during meiosis

example of nondisjuction

sex cells are created with the wrong number of chromosomes

when does chromosomal reassortment occur

only during meiosis and not during fertilization

meiosis cells divide in how many rounds 

2

how many times is DNA replicated in meiosis

1

phenotype

traits we can observe (visual)

alleles

different copies/versions of genes

genotype

combination of alleles / the letters for punnet squares ex. Bb EE

BB is what type of allele

homozygous dominant

bb is what type of allele

homozygous recessive

Bb is what type of allele

heterozygous

F1 generation

parent alleles

F2 generation

kids

autosomal carriers

made of a healthy  (dominant) and a sick (recessive) the sick is always on the small letter

x-linked

"men only have 1 x chromosome and is mom has a disease on one of her x  chromosome there's a higher chance hr future son will get it because he doesnt have another dominant x to block it since males only have XY gene. (mother carried disease trait)"

i i A - ABO system

type A blood

i i B - ABO system

type B blood

i i - ABO system

type O blood

i A i A - ABO system

type A blood as well

i B i B - ABO system

type B blood as well

i A i B - ABO system

type AB blood

abo genotype is written how

i A i B

abo phenotype is written how

AB

diffusion 

substances spreading out from an area of high contentration to low concentration to even out

why does oxygen (O2) diffuse in the blood

there is a low concentration of oxygen thats why we inhale and take in air

why does carbon dioxide (CO2) diffuse out of the blood

there is a high concentration of carbon dioxide so we exhale it

why is diffusion passive transport

it occurs without added energy

blood oxygen exchange in tissue

high concentration of oxygen (O2) in the blood while low concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surrounding tissue, results in oxygen going into tissue and carbon dioxide into blood

substance can pass through the membrane is what type of transport

passive transport

facilitated diffusion

substance can pass thru the cell membrane but only through a channel/tunnel