SHS 427 semantics

A semantic feature is..

The most basic meaning-bearing component of a word

What is a semantic features role in semantic categories

Used to distinguish between two similar things

Where do object concepts appear to be stored in the brain

Anywhere and everywhere

According to the grounded cognition model…

Object concepts are made up of fragments of semantic info that is widely distributed and is recalled by activating brain regions related to how the object is perceived.

What part of the brain is activated when manipulating a tool

Left Supramaringal gyrus

What evidence is there for the grounded cognition model

When thinking about a manipulable object the Left Supramaringal gyrus activates

Top-down effect

How your brains predictions influences your interpretation

Bottom-up effect

How the acoustic signal influences your interpretation

How are bottom-up effects measured

Use of eye tracking when asked to look at a specific object

What were the four types of words used to measure bottom up processing

Target word, Cohort (same beginning as target), Rhyme, unrelated

What is the ganong effect

When an ambiguous sound is produced within a word a listener will subconsciously perceive the sound as one that makes the most sense in their language. I.e. Gift instead of kift and Kiss instead of giss

What is the phoneme restoration effect

When part of a word is replaced by white noise the listener subconsciously fills in the missing part with the phoneme that makes the most sense given the context

Describe what makes swearing different than speaking

Some of the only words used for infixation

Describe the parts of the brain involved in swearing

Limbic system

What is coprolalia

Involuntary utterance of objectionable words

What is infixation

Like prefix and suffix but in the middle of a word

In english where are infixes typically located

right before the stressed syllable

What is a lexical decision task

Participants are asked “is this a word?” and respond yes or no

What are the typical results of a lexical decision task

Decisions are made about 90 ms faster for high frequency words

Describe how children break the acoustic signal into individual words

Sounds that are within the same words are likely to appear together more frequently than sounds that cross word boundaries

Word segmentation is a precursor to…

Developing vocabulary

When do children typically have their first word

Around 1 year

How does vocabulary grow early on

Exponentially

By 2 years old children should have around…

120 words

By seven years old children should have around…

5.000 words

Adults have more than…

20,000 words

What is the most critical factor in vocabulary growth

Exposure to language

What is code switching

The act of choosing to switch between languages or dialects

Describe some explanations for why it is used

Translation is unknown or not straightforward, expressing solidarity

What is circumlocution

Defining a word instead of using it outright

Describe anomia

A severe issue naming object concepts

What is anomia a symptom of

All types of aphasia

What causes anomia

Broad damage to the brain as is typical of alzheimer's disease

What is Primary progressive Aphasia (PPA)

A neurodegenerative disease that causes progressive atrophy in the left cortex which causes a progressive language disorder

Semantic variant of PPA (svPPA)

Gradual loss of semantic/conceptual knowledge while sparing grammatical and phonological aspects of language

Describe Broca’s aphasia

Language disorder causing difficulty expressing language and understanding complex topics

Describe the evidence for separation of an individual’s multiple languages in the brain

Electro cortical stimulation often only affects one language at a time

Describe the evidence for interaction between an individual’s multiple languages in the brain

Aphasia can target both languages

Describe different types of bilingual aphasia patterns

Can target both languages or just one of them

What is parallel language recovery

Both languages are recovered together while maintaining relative proficiency levels

What is differential language recovery

Both languages are recovered but one has a much higher relative proficiency level than it had before the aphasia

What is antagonistic language recovery

One language is initially preserved but is lost as the second language is recovered

What is blended language recovery

Patient mixes words an syntax from both languages

What is the difference between blended language recovery and code-switching

Code switching is under the speakers control

What is selective aphasia

When not all languages are recovered

What is successive recovery

One language fully recovers and then the second language recovers

Describe what classifiers are

Indicate a property of a word (in ASL the Park handshape and feeling fingers)

Describe the role of space in sign languages

Can be used for emphasis and also to place referents in a conversation

Do babies produce sign faster than spoken language

Potentially but it is more a reflection of motor development than it is of linguistic development

Describe suprasegmentals

Parts of speech that can influence the meaning beyond phonemes and syllables

Describe lexical stress

The relative prominence or emphasis on a syllable

Describe emotional prosody

How the tone and rhythm of a sentence can change perception of the emotion behind it

What is an example of pitch on emotional prosody

Excited has a higher pitch than sad

What is an example of pitch changes on emotional prosody

Happy has larger changes in pitch

What is an example of speed on emotional prosody

Angry is fast sad is slow

What is an example of stress patterns on emotional prosody

Angry tends to have more stress

Describe lexical tones

A change in tone that changes the meaning of a word

Describe where lexical stress is processed in the brain

Primarily Left hemisphere with some right hemisphere interaction

Describe where emotional prosody is processed in the brain

Primarily in the right hemishpere

Describe where tones for tonal languages are processed in the brains of people who do not speak tonal languages

Processed in the right hemisphere much like prosodic information

Describe where tones for tonal languages are processed in the brains of people who do speak tonal languages

Processed in the left hemisphere

What does segmentation refer to as used on the Antovich and Graf Estes article

The ability to divide the speech stream into “words”

Bilingual infants receive … exposure to each of their language than monolingual infants do in theirs

Less

In research prior to the Antovich and Graf Estes article it was suggested that monolingual adults … to segment artificial languages that had over-lapping or non-overlapping syllables

Relied on different speaker voices

What did the two languages in the Antovich and Graf Estes article have in common

Overlapping syllables

What was different between the two languages in the Antovich and Graf Estes article

L1 was presented in a male voice while L2 was presented in a female voice

According to Rosenblau et al. what predicted accuracy for the control group

Greater connectivity between the Superior temporal sulcus and the anterior cingulate cortex

What Type of Aphasia is A

Global aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is B

Mixed transcortical aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is C

Broca’s Aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is D

Transcortical motor aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is E

Wernike’s Aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is F

Transcortical sensory aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is G

Conduction aphasia

What Type of Aphasia is H

Anomic Aphasia

What is the first Question on the “types of Aphasia” chart

Is speech Fluent

What is the Second question on the “types of Aphasia” chart

Can they comprehend spoken messages

What is the third question on the “types of Aphasia“ chart

Can they repeat words/phrases