Honors Biology Unit 1 (68terms)

monomer

building blocks, small and simple units of an organic compound

polymer

large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

isomer

molecules with the same formula but different structures

4 groups of macromolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

cohesion

water sticking to water

adhesion

water sticking to other substances

What is the atomic mass?

Number of protons and neutrons

where are protons and neutrons located in an atom?

inside the nucleus

ionic bond

formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

ions

positively and negatively charged atoms

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom

what bond is formed between H and O in a single water molecule?

covalent bond

6 elements of life

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur

isotope

Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons

solute

the substance that is dissolved

solvent

the substance in which the solute dissolves

solution

a solute dissolved in a solvent

covalent bond

a chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

what bond connects two water molecules?

hydrogen bond

7 properties of water

cohesion

adhesion

universal solvent

high boiling point

high specific heat

less dense as a solid

capillary action

what is the difference between atoms and molecules?

atom - smallest unit of matter

molecule - compound with at least 2 or more atoms

How many valence electrons does carbon have?

four

What is a valence electron?

electrons in the outermost shell

what type of molecule is water?

polar

surface tension

the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid

example of surface tension

insects walking on water

example of capillary action

Water traveling UP the roots of a tree or plant

what subatomic particle orbits the nucleus?

electrons

chemical reactions

takes place when bonds are formed or broken

non polar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

example of a solute

salt and sugar

buffer

maintains a relatively constant pH

how much more acidic is a pH of 5 than a pH of 2?

1,000x

why are carbon compounds called macromolecules?

because they are so large

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon

base

a compound that produces hydroxide (OH-) ions in solution

acid

compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

pH scale

measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14

neutral atom

same number of protons and electrons

what happens when an element gains an electron during ionization?

it becomes negatively charged

fatty acids

building blocks of lipids

nucleotide

building blocks of nucleic acids

simple sugar

What is a monosaccharide of carbohydrates?

polysaccharides of carbohydrates

starch, glycogen, cellulose

two examples of lipids

fats and oils

peptide bond

bonds that connect amino acids

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

20 amino acids

How many amino acids are there?

two types of nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

3 parts of a nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

4 nitrogen bases

Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine

long term energy source

function of lipids

sucrose, lactose, maltose

disaccharides of carbohydrates

hemoglobin, enzymes, insulin

examples of proteins

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction in which two molecules are bonded together with the removal of a water molecule

hydrolysis

a chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water

exothermic reaction

a chemical reaction in which heat is released to the surroundings

endothermic reaction

a reaction in which energy is absorbed

elements present in carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

elements present in proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

Elements present in lipids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

elements present in nucleic acids

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus

dipeptides

two amino acids bonded together

saturated

Fatty acid consists of single bonds

unsaturated

Fatty acid contains double bonds

protein enzymes

which macromolecule speeds up chemical reactions?

triglycerides

a compound made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acids