Applied Behavior Analysis Test 2

reinforcement

a response contingent consequence that increases the future frequency of that behavior 

positive reinforcement

the response contingent presentation of a stimulus that increases the future frequency of behavior

negative reinforcement

the response contingent removal of a stimulus that decreases the future frequency of behavior

types of positive reinforcement

social, food,

food reinforcement

positive reinforcement, can be very powerful but it may be unethical to arrange, often interrupts ongoing behavior  

social reinforcement

positive reinforcement, can be very convenient, generalized in that attention has been paired with a large range of other reinforcing events, 

using this as a reinforcer can varies from person to person (may not be effective to everyone)

when identifying concepts…

1. whose behavior are you analyzing

2. what is the direction of the behavior

3. are you dealing with an antecedent or a consequence

diagramming reinforcement

R(response) —> Consequence (SR)

reinforcement as a procedure

delivering the reinforcer

reinforcement as a process

the effect on behavior

schedules of reinforcement 

ratio schedule, time based schedule, interval schedule

ratio schedule 

a reinforcer is delivered contingent upon a specific number of responses

• responder can control their own rate of reinforcement 

fixed ratio

the response contingent remains constant

• produces pauses after each reinforcer

variable ratio

the response requirement varies around an average

• have the highest response rate 

interval schedule

a reinforcer is delivered for the first response following a specific period of time 

fixed interval 

a reinforcer is delivered for the first response following a constant period of time 

variable interval

a reinforcer is delivered for the first response following a variable period of time

operant behavior

behavior that can be manipulated by consequences

respondent behavior

behavior that occurs as part of reflexive or respondent relations is not an operant

contingency

the casual relation between a reponse and a reinforcer

what to consider when selecting a reinforcer

effectiveness (most important), preference, ecological fit, feasibility

how to increase the effectiveness of reinforcement

quality, magnitude, immediacy, contingency, schedule, distributed versus accumulated access 

what are the different motivating operations 

establishing operations and abolishing operations 

establishing operations 

increases the value of something 

abolishing operations

decreases the value of something

what evokes behavior right now

motivating operations

Conditioned motivating operations: reflexive

a stimulus that systemically precedes some form of worsening or improvement

Conditioned motivating operations: transitive 

a stimulus that alters the value of another stimulus