Anatomy physiology exam 5 review

What does a target cell/tissue’s response to a hormone depend on?

Specific receptors to the hormone

What are chemical substances secreted by endocrine cells into the extracellular fluids that regulate the metabolic function of other cells in the body?

Hormones

Mineralocorticoid is to aldosterone as glucocorticoid is to…

Cortisol

What is the best justification for the posterior pituitary not being an endocrine gland?

It doesn’t produce hormones

How do steroid hormones exert their action?

Entering the cell nucleus and activating genes

How do almost all the amino acid or peptide-based hormones exert their effects?

intracellular second messengers

What is the pineal gland’s function?

Regulates day/night cycle; makes melatonin

What is the function of the ovaries?

Plays a role in the menstrual cycle

What is the function of the pancreas?

Its endocrine function is to regulate blood glucose levels

What is the function of the adrenal glands?

Controls fight or flight reaction

What is the function of the thyroid?

Uses iodine for hormone synthesis

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

Its hormones work to raise blood calcium levels

What is the function of aldosterone?

Targets kidneys to increase Na+ reabsorption and raise blood pressure

What is the function of glucagon?

Breaks down glycogen; raises blood glucose levels

What is the function of calcitonin?

It serves as a parathyroid hormone antagonist

What is the function of oxytocin?

Stimulates uterine contractions

What is the function of progesterone?

It is produced in the placenta and maintains pregnancy

What do hormones regulate?

Metabolism, growth and development, and pH

How do hormones relate to positive and negative feedback?

They use both positive and negative feedback, but negative is more common.

What are all the chemical reactions necessary to maintain life collectively known as?

Metabolism

Amylase is to starch as _____ is to fats…

lipase

What are carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids considered to be?

Major nutrients

What are the functions of the liver?

Cholesterol synthesis, degrading hormones, processing absorbed nutrients, and detoxification

What are some qualities of cholesterol?

• Steroid hormones are derived from it

• Is the most common type of lipid in the cell membrane

• About 85% is produced by our body

• Is transported through the body using lipoproteins

Liver and gallbladder damage would affect digestion of….

Lipids

What is the process by which products of digestion pass from the lumen of the GI tract into the blood or lymph?

Absorption

Salivary glands located under the tongue are the _____ salivary glands

Sublingual

What are the simple wavelike smooth muscle contractions that move foodstuffs through the alimentary tube without mixing?

Peristalsis

The amylase enzyme breaks down…

Complex carbohydrates

What is the primary function of the colon?

To reabsorb water

What are the cytoplasmic projections upon absorptive cells of each villus that enhance absorptive surface area?

microvilli

What is the formation of glycogen from glucose called?

Glycogenesis

What is the role of bile salts in the digestive process?

To break apart lipids

What is the stomach hormone that stimulates hydrochloric acid secretion called?

Gastrin

What is the total amount of kilocalories the body must consume to fuel all ongoing activities known as?

Total metabolic rate (TMR)

What are the thin peritoneal membranes that suspend and hold your digestive organs in place?

Mesenteries

What are the three main metabolic pathways involved in cellular respiration?

Glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and electron transport chain

What is the main thing happening to our food by the time it reaches the distal small intestine?

Absorption

What is the name of the unit used to measure the energy value of nutrients?

kCal or calories

What is the process by which the liver converts non-carbohydrate nutrients to glucose?

Gluconeogenesis

What metabolic process builds larger, more complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones?

Anabolism

What transports cholesterol through the blood stream to the cells?

Low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)

What type of nutrient class are sugars and starches?

Carbohydrates

Where do the nutrients absorbed in by the blood capillaries in the villi go first before entering the general circulation?

Liver

Which of the following alimentary canal organs conducts food to the stomach?

Esophagus

Which carbohydrate is the major fuel source for generating ATP?

Glucose

What structures associated with the digestive system does not play a digestive role?

Appendix

Which of the following will generate the most amount of ATP?

Oxidative phosphorylation

Which single digestive action is responsible for simply moving food from the mouth to the esophagus?

Swallowing

What does your body combine with pepsinogen to activate it?

HCI

Does chemical digestion begin in the mouth?

Yes

Does mechanical digestion begin in the mouth?

Yes

Can the body create essential amino acids for itself?

No

Does the hypothalamus function to help regulate body temperature?

Yes

Does the hypothalamus use the skin to shed excess heat from the body?

Yes