Giddes APUSH Chapter 11

John Adams

John Adams

US's 1st VP + 2nd President; refused to go to war w/Fra; had unnecessary military prep that more taxes were needed; known as "father of the american navy"

Thomas Jefferson

3rd President; accused of robbing a widow + her children of a trust fund + having fathered numerous mulatto children by slave women; intimacy later prove w/Sally Hemings by DNA testing; preachers in NE thundered of his alleged atheism; won NY, which was crucial for his election victory; Burr helped him win NY; slave population counted as ⅗ person, also helped him win; 'negro president' cuz he used slaves power to win election; consistently inconsistent (2 of them); persuaded Congress to repeal excise tax

Aaron Burr

Jefferson's VP; dropped from cabinet in Jefferson's 2nd term; joined federalist extremist group to plot secession of NE + NY; plans to do so was exposed by Hamilton, which made him challenge Hamilton to a duel; killed Hamilton; made allegiance w/Wilkinson to separate western part of the US from the east + expand the new confederacy w/invasion of Spa-controlled Mexico + FL; Wilkinson betrayed him when he found out TJ knew of the plot; acquitted of charges of treason by Madison + fled to Euro

Lame-duck

elected officials still in office between election defeat + successor comes into office

"Revolution of 1800"

Jefferson's election changed govt direction to Republicans; won 73-65 electoral votes; goal was to restore republican govt, check growth of govt power, + halt decay of virtue set under fed rule

Sally Hemings

slave woman that Jefferon's intimacy was confirmed w through DNA testing

Patronage

practice to giving political support w/special favor in public office; TJ dismissed few federalist employees + left scant opening to fill w/appointees

Albert Gallatin

Swiss-born + Fre-accented; "Watchdog of the treasury"; proved to be as able as Hamilton being secretary of treasury; reduced national debt + balanced budget; national debt wasn't a blessing

Judiciary Act of 1801

one of the last important laws passed by Federalist Congress; created 16 new federal judgeships + other judicial offices (midnight Judges); Adams's last attempt to keep Federalist power in Republican Congress; goal was for federalist to dominate judicial branch cuz positions were for lifetime

"Midnight judges"

16 judges that were added by Judiciary Act of 1801; called this cuz Adams signed their appointments late on his last day in office

John Marshall

chief justice of supreme court; appointed by adams; 4th choice + a midnight judge; cousin of TJ + dominated court w/intellectual + commanding personality; time during revolution made him federalist as he faced effects of weak central govt; lifelong federalist + continued serving in supreme court even after party died out; shaped legal tradition more profoundly than anyone else; served for 30 days under federalist administration + 34 years during/after TJ's govt;

William Marbury

justice of peace for DC; sued Madison when he learned that his commission was shelved by Madison

James Madison

secretary of State; federalist leader; sued by Marbury cuz he shelved his commissions; 4th US president

Marbury vs. Madison

Marbury's petition based on Judiciary Act of 1789, which Marshall stated was unconstitutional as it wasn't stated in constitution; helped establish judicial review

"Judicial review"

idea that Supreme court had the last word on question of constitutionality; contrary to KT resolution, which gave that right to states

Samuel Chase

federalist supreme court justice; impeached by House in 1804; acquitted by Senate (just had unrestrained partisanship + big mouth); so unpopular that Republicans send vicious dogs after him;

"Peaceful coercion"

TJ's strategy to force Brit + Fre to accept Amer definition of neutral rights; gave up military force + stopped Amer trade w/Euro; embargo act also key

Tripolitan War

4 year conflict between US Navy + north Afr nation of Tripoli over piracy in Mediterranean; Tripoli was dissatisfied w/share of protection money + informally declared war on US by cutting down flagstaff of Amer consulate; TJ deployed Amer forces; secured peace treaty w/Tripoli for $60k (to release captured Amer) in 1805

"Jeffs"/"Mosquito fleet"

TJ was fascinated by small gunboats; he pledged to tax reduction + advocated a large number of little coastal crafts; TJ believed these would be valuable in guarding Amer shores + didn't need to embroil the republic in diplomatic incidents

Napoleon Bonaparte

convinced king of Spa to cede to Fra the immense trans-MI region of LA, including New Orleans; Spa withdrew Amer's right of deposit (warehouse) from Pinckey's treaty; angered Amer frontier farmers who shipped their produce to the mouth of the MI

James Monroe

TJ sent him in early 1803 to Paris to join forces w/Robert R. Livingston (regular minister) to buy New Orleans for max $10 million; if proposal failed, US would ally w/Britain so that Fra doesn't take New Orleans

Robert Livingston

regular minister sent w/Monroe by TJ to buy New Orleans for max $10 million; if proposal failed, US would ally w/Britain so that Fra doesn't take New Orleans

Haitian Revolution

1791; enslaved africans revolted + strived for freedom/equality; inspired by Fre Revolution; led by Toussaint L'Ouverture; 1 of 2 reasons Napoleon decided to sell all of LA + abandon his dream of new NE empire; island of Santo Domingo was major food source for LA

Louisiana Purchase

April 30, 1803; US bought the LA territory from fra for $15 million; Fra sold LA cuz they wanted to reignite war w/Britain + lA would have been hard to defend; once they sold it, US was an ally; doubled size of US; 3 treaties were signed to buy it

Meriwether Lewis and William Clark

Lewis was TJ's personal secretary + Clark was an army officer; both sent to explore LA territory; explored from 1804-1806; took 33 explorers w/them to explore up the Missouri River, through Rockies, + mouth of Columbia River at Pacific coast

Corps of Discovery

official name of Lewis + Clark expedition members; 33 ppl were sent by TJ to explore LA territory 1804-1806

Sacajawea

a Shoshone Indian woman; language skills + knowledge of geography helped Lewis + Clark on their expedition

Alexander Hamilton

died in duel w/Aaron Burr after he exposed Burr's plan to secede NE + NY

General James Wilkinson

unscrupulous military governor of LA territory + sometime secret agent in pay of Spa crown; made allegiance w/Burr to separate western part of the US from the east + expand the new confederacy w/invasion of Spa-controlled Mexico + FL; betrayed Burr when he found out TJ knew of the plot; Burr was acquitted of charges of treason by Madison + fled to Euro

Battle of Trafalgar

one-eyed Horatio Lord Nelson achieved immortality by smashing the combined Fre + Spa feet off coast of Spa, ensuring Brit supremacy of seas

Battle of Austerlitz

in Austria (Battle of 3 Emperors); Napoleon crushed combined Austria + Russian armies, ensuring Fre mastery of land

Orders in Council

issued by the London govt in 1806; edicts closest Euro ports under Fre control to foreign shipping unless the vessel stopped at British ports first; Napoleon would strike back by ordering all merchant ships that entered British ports be seized; trade was impossible w/Britain + Fra, but Amer vessels were caught in middle of dispute

Impressments

forcible enlistment of sailors; British ships would stop Amer vessels + impress Amer sailors during 1808-1811; often used clubs + stretches for persecution + many Amer died in His Majesty's service; led Amer becoming extremely angry + eager for war w/Britain

Chesapeake affair

1807; when royal frigate caught up w/US frigate (Chesapeake) ~10 miles off of VA; Brit captain demanded the surrender of 4 deserters, which London never gave them the right to seize sailors from foreign warships; Amer commander refused + British warship fired 3 times at close range; 3 Amer died + 18 were wounded; 4 were dragged away

Embargo Act

1807; law that ended export of all goods from US foreign ships; embodied the idea of peace coercions; if it worked, it would justify the rights of neutral nations + point to a new way of conducting foreign affairs; if failed, republic could die, be subjugated to the Euro powers, or sucked into war; just hurt Amer + economy got repealed in 1809

Non-Intercourse Act

1809; replaced the embargo act of 1807; unlike embargo, act only forbade trade w/Fra + Britain; didn't succeed in changing British/Fre policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2

Macon's Bill No. 2

1810; replaced nonintercourse act of 1809; forbade trade w/Britain + Fra, but offered to resume trade w/whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first; offered to continue free trade w/both nations, of respected US neutrality; Fra quickly repealed restrictions, but Britain was the one w/naval dominance + decided not to repeal their Orders in Council; Madison had no choice except to enforce embargo act w/britain; step towards war for Britain + Amer; manipulation by Napoleon

"War hawks"

democratic-republican members of Congress (elected 1811 during Madison's presidency) who met in 1811 at the 12th Congress; wanted to go to war w/Britain to stop ship seizes, wanted Canada, + wanted to stop renewed Native threats to pioneer settlers who were streaming into trans-Allegheny wilderness

Tecumseh

a shawnee chief who built a confederacy of all tribes east of MI w/his brother Tenskwatawa; followers gave up textile cloths for traditional buckwheat garments; rejected white concepts of ownership + urged his supporters to never to cede land to whites unless everyone agreed; killed while fighting for British during War of 1812 at Battle of Thames in 1813

Tenskwatawa

part of Shawnee brother; religious leaders; aka "the Prophet"; inspired a religious revival that spread through many tribes + united them; killed by Harrison at battle of Tippecanoe

William Henry Harrison

governor of Indiana territory who defeated Shawnee brothers at junction of Wabash + Tippecanoe Rivers (present-day Indiana); Natives routed + their settlement burned

Battle of Tippecanoe

When Harrison gathered an army + advance on Tecumseh's headquarters at junction of Wabash + Tippecanoe Rivers; Prophet attacked Hrrison's army + failed; Shawnees routed + settlement burned; Tecumseh to form an alliance w/British

The War of 1812

rising tensions + results of Macon's Bill caused Madison asks Congress to declare war on Britain; House voted 79-49 + Senate voted of 19-13 for war; South, West, Democratic Republicans wanted war; North + federalists were against war; 4 reasons: 1) British armed Natives on frontier: 2) continued violation of Amer neutrality: 3) war hawks pushed for war cuz they wanted more land + protect Amer honor: 4) Dem Reps favored Fra in battle between Fra + Britain